Radionuclide production measurements at the INFN LNL Giacomo - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Radionuclide production measurements at the INFN LNL Giacomo Germogli INFN Section of Ferrara Monday, March 18, 2019 2 History 2014/2015, collaboration with COMECER SpA: Anti-channeling idea Exploiting Channeling of Charged

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SLIDE 1

Radionuclide production measurements at the INFN LNL

Giacomo Germogli INFN Section of Ferrara

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SLIDE 2

History

  • 2014/2015, collaboration with COMECER SpA:
  • Anti-channeling idea
  • “Exploiting Channeling of Charged Particles for the Enhancement of the Ni64->Cu64

Reaction Yield”, 7 June 2015, Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Meeting 2015, Baltimore (US)

  • 2016/2017, INFN-GeCO (Geant4 Crystal Objects) project:
  • Integration of channeling simulations into Geant4
  • Anti-channeling experiments at INFN-Legnaro Laboratories
  • “Crystalline targets for the enhancement of the nuclear interaction yield”, 15 November

2016, International Nuclear Target Development Society Meeting 2016, Cape Town (South Africa)

  • “Experimental measurement of the enhancement of the nuclear interaction yield with

crystalline targets”, 13 June 2017, International Conference on Applications of Nuclear Techniques, Crete (Greece)

  • 2017/2019, POR-FESR TROPIC project
  • Development of a target prototype for the production of radioisotopes for medical interest,

to be tested in laboratory environment (TRL4) and in production environment (TRL5)

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 3

RBS-Channeling at AN2000 INFN-LNL

AN2000 is an electrostatic-type accelerator with a maximum voltage terminal of 2 MV. At the RBS- Channeling line of AN2000 (CN) a high resolution goniometer (0.01° ~ 0.2 mrad) is present, which allows to align the crystal planes and axes with respect to the incoming beam within the critical channeling angle.

  • Two Silicon detectors are mounted in

the chamber, one for the RBS and

  • ne for the nuclear resonance

analysis (NRA), to allows for the simultaneous measurement of the two quantities. Optionally a gamma- ray detector can be mounted instead

  • f the NRA detector.

CSN5 Grant for young researchers – E. Bagli

  • D. De Salvador

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 4

Al2O3 crystal

We decided to use a nuclear reaction with a resonance at energy accessible by the AN2000

  • accelerator. The chosen reaction

is the

18O (p,α) 15N

reaction at ~627 KeV1 with a Q- value of ~4.0 MeV.

  • We choose the Al2O3 aluminum
  • xide C-plane wafer for the

experiment, i.e. the <0001> direction, that has an hexagonal crystal structure.

CSN5 Grant for young researchers – E. Bagli

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 5

Al2O3 crystal - NRA

Al2O3 substrates, <0001> axis, 18O(p,α) 15N reaction CSN5 Grant for young researchers – E. Bagli - UNPUBLISHED

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 6

INFN LNL-Tandem accelerator

The proposal for the TROPIC experiment at the Tandem accelerator of the INFN Legnaro National Laboratories, PD, Italy was accepted by the USIP. This represents the “validation in lab” (TRL4) Tandem-XTU is an electrostatic-type

  • accelerator. The High Voltage Terminal (HVT),

which exceeds 13.5 MV positive voltage as the maximum operational electrostatic value, is located at the center, and along the longitudinal axis, of a horizontal tank

www.lnl.infn.it

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Monday, March 18, 2019

After the beam extraction to the +50 Sliding Seal line, a double Tantalum pinhole allows to collimate the incoming beam. Gamma emission of tantalum is screened with 2mm of plain Ta.

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SLIDE 7

Measurement setup

  • One Silicon detector (area = 50 mm2,

thickness = 2mm) is mounted into the chamber for measuring backscattered particles at +40°

  • One HPGe Germanium detector with

GASP preamplifier is mounted far (≈ 2m) outside the chamber to measure prompt gamma emitted γ-rays upon de-excitation of produced nuclei

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Monday, March 18, 2019

A high resolution goniometer (0.01° ~ 0.2 mrad) is present, which allows to align the crystal planes and axes with respect to the incoming beam within the critical channeling angle. For p+ @13 MeV: Ge (100): θL=1.242 mrad Ge (111): θL =1.574 mrad Ge (110): θL =1.593 mrad

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SLIDE 8

Setup scheme for laboratory validation LNL Tandem – top view

p+ @ 13 MeV Crystal (e.g. Ge, Simox) Si detector Crystal support (Si) Goniometer Ge detector

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Monday, March 18, 2019

Ta collimator

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SLIDE 9

Method for production measurement

Monday, March 18, 2019

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Target isotope (e.g.89Y) Final isotope (e.g. 89Zr)

(p,nγ)

Nuclear excited states Energy ≈ MeV t1/2 ≈ fs÷ns Total charge detected through faraday cup Prompt gamma radiation detected through HPGe detector β+ decay t1/2 ≈ hours÷days

(p,p’γ)

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SLIDE 10

Ge (001) bulk – planar channeling (1-10)

Monday, March 18, 2019

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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

  • 0,2
  • 0,1

0,1 0,2 0,3

integral / 1uC theta (°)

Surface backscattering (110) (1-10) <001>

rx ry Si detector

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Ge (001) thin #3

Monday, March 18, 2019

11 (110) (1-10) <001>

rx ry Si detector

HPGe

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SLIDE 12

Es: 76Ge(p,n)76As from natGe target

Monday, March 18, 2019

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HPGe

76Ge 76As

(p,n)

Eγ = 669 keV

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SLIDE 13

Upgrade of the chamber

Target (e.g. Y) Coin (Pt, Nb, …) Goniometer Ge detector

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Monday, March 18, 2019

Collimator (s) p+ @ 10-15 MeV Si detector Sample holder(s)

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SLIDE 14

Possible measurement

  • Target quality and composition via Elastic Backscattering

analysis (EBS)

  • Nuclear interaction rate via quantitative measurement of

prompt gamma rays

  • Current normalized with the polarizable targe station
  • Nuclear interaction rate normalized via standard reaction

reference

  • Setup improvement required:
  • Set of custom made sample holders
  • Set of collimators
  • Silicon detector for elastic backscattering

Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 15

BACKUP SLIDES

Monday, March 18, 2019

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Outline

  • Radionuclide productions in

accelerators

  • A benchmark for simulations: the

GECO project

  • The INFN TTLab TROPIC Project
  • Development of a crystalline target
  • Validation in laboratory environment
  • Setup for future measurements

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 17

Radioisotopes in Medicine

  • Nuclear medicine uses radiation to

provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a person's specific organs (SPECT, PET), or to treat them (Brachytherapy, target- therapy), especially for cancer. Diagnostic procedures using radioisotopes are now routine.

  • Over 40 million nuclear medicine

procedures are performed each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing at up to 5% annually.

  • Radioisotopes for nuclear medicine

are generated through various methods, i.e. particle accelerators, reactors facilities

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 18

Accelerator produced radionuclides

  • Current scenario:
  • Strong reduction of the production of Mo-99 (i.e.

the parent daughter of TC-99m) in nuclear reactors

  • Advantages of accelerators:
  • high specific activities can be obtained through

charged particle induced reactions

  • few radioisotopic impurities by selecting the

energy window

  • small amount of radioactive waste generated
  • access to accelerators is much easier than to

reactors

  • Major drawback:
  • in some cases an enriched (and expensive)

target material must be used

  • The overall production cost is still 3 to 10 times

with respect to nuclear reactors

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 19

Anti-Channeling Effect

  • Figures show the Geant4

simulated trajectories of channeled and anti-channeled 655 keV protons impinging on a Si (110) crystal.

  • A particle which enters parallel

to the crystalline planes, bounces between them, in a region without nuclei.

  • At the opposite, the particles

with the angle close to the critical angle for channeling cross the crystal planes (red dashed line) and impinge close to atomic nuclei.

CSN5 Grant for young researchers – E. Bagli

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 20

Anti-Channeling Effect

Enrico Bagli - CSN5 Grant for young researchers

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 21

Radioisotope for medicine

  • Radioactive isotopes used

for diagnosys, therapy, or both (theragnostic)

  • Lifetime of the order of

biologial processes (few hours/days)

  • Possibility to fix them to a

functional molecule

  • To be produced with a

good yield by using particles at energies available at commercial cyclotron (~15-20 MeV)

Target Initial Isotope Final Isotope

89Y 89Y 89Zr

TeO2

124Te 124I

TeO2

123Te 123I

SrCO3

86Sr 86Y 64Ni 64Ni 64Cu 61Ni 61Ni 61Cu 111Cd 111Cd 111In

CaCo3

44Ca 44Sc 67Zn 67Zn 67Ga 68Zn 68Zn 68Ga

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 22

Characteristics of the crystalline target

  • Yttrium and Rhodium have only
  • ne isotope, they can be found as

crystalline material, and are useful materials for nuclear medicine:

  • Pros: No need to be enriched
  • Cons: to be found as a pure

monocrystal (expensive/not trivial)

  • First Y (2x2x0,5 mm) and Rh

(3x3x0,5mm) already purchased, characterized and polished are the first candidates as a target.

  • Isotopic purity needed to obtain

a good yield of production without contaminants.

  • A crystalline quality sufficiently

high to observe the anti- channeling effect

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 23

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Monday, March 18, 2019

Surface realignment and polishing Surface Preparation Laboratory (Netherlands)

After polishing Yttrium as received After polishing Rhodium as received Microscope Diffraction Microscope Diffraction

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SLIDE 24

Other ionic/oxide/semiconductor crystals

  • KBr (cubic structure)
  • Ge (fcc structure)
  • YAG, YAlO3, YVO4

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 25

Goal of TROPIC project

  • Aim:
  • enhancement of the radio-

isotopes production yield through cyclotron with minor modification of current instrumentations.

  • How:
  • usage of microscopically
  • rdered structures to force

the particles to interact more frequently with nuclei.

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 26

INFN People involved

  • CNAF:
  • Giacomini Francesco
  • Martelli Barbara
  • Vistoli Maria Cristina
  • Padova/LNL
  • Davide De Salvador
  • Luca Bacci
  • Walter Raniero
  • Daniel R. Napoli
  • Jose Javier Valiente Dobón
  • Roberto Menegazzo
  • Sara Maria Carturan
  • Gianluigi Maggioni
  • Ferrara:
  • Bagli Enrico
  • Bandiera Laura
  • Carassiti Vittore
  • Casotti Davide
  • Cotta Ramusino Angelo
  • Evangelisti Federico
  • Germogli Giacomo
  • Guidi Vincenzo
  • Gianoli Alberto
  • Mazzolari Andrea
  • Romagnoni Marco
  • Sytov Alexei

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 27

Photon energy 100 keV divergence Negligible DE/E 10-4 Beam dimension 50x50 micron

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Monday, March 18, 2019

DETECTOR or PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE Incident beam Diffracted beam Goniometer

Hard X-ray Characterization European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grenoble, France)

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SLIDE 28

Hard X-ray Characterization

Monday, March 18, 2019

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Yttrium Rhodium

Submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

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SLIDE 29

Crystal surface @ ESRF BM05

  • Rh (100) - PRELIMINARY

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Monday, March 18, 2019

Photon energy 20 keV Divergence Negligible Beam dimension 10x10 mm

Diffraction intensity (a.u.)

Submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

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Ge (111) bulk

Monday, March 18, 2019

30 (211) (1-10) <111>

rx ry Si detector

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SLIDE 31

Chamber installation at LNL Tandem

Monday, March 18, 2019

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Crystals mounted

Monday, March 18, 2019

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  • SIMOX (x2)
  • Ge (001) (x2)
  • Ge (111)
  • Ge (001) thin (x3)
  • YAG (001)
  • YAlO3 (001)
  • KBr (100)
  • KBr (111)
  • YVO4 (100)
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SLIDE 33

Project schedule

2017 2018 2019 J A S O N D G F M A M J J A S O N D G F M A M J J A S Simulazioni numeriche Progettazione e sviluppo meccanica di supporto motorizzata Progettazione e sviluppo bersagli cristallini Assemblaggio e verifica del prodotto con fascio di protoni Attività di diffusione e disseminazione dei risultati

today

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Monday, March 18, 2019

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SLIDE 34

Diffusion activity

  • N. 2 posters, VII Congresso Nazionale del Gruppo

Interdisciplinare di chimica dei Radiofarmaci, Ferrara, 11- 12 may 2018

  • Exposition stand at SMAU 2018 – Research to Business

(R2B), + short presentation at the Live Show ”Industria 2.0 per rivoluzionare i processi”, Bologna, 7-8 June 2018

  • Oral presentation + Poster, VIII International Conference

"Charged & Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena " Channeling 2018, Ischia (NA), 23-28 september 2018

  • E-poster at European Association of Nuclear Medicine

Congress EANM18, Dusseldorf 13-17 october 2018

  • Oral presentation, Quarto Incontro Nazionale di Fisica

Nucleare INFN2018, Catania, 7-9 november 2018.

Monday, March 18, 2019

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