Rachel Carson Conference Symposium on Pesticide Dependency WORLD - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Rachel Carson Conference Symposium on Pesticide Dependency WORLD - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 01, 2024 18 likes •771 views

Rachel Carson Conference Symposium on Pesticide Dependency WORLD POPULATION 7 Billion people 60% Billion malnourished FOOD CONSUMED per CAPITA 2,200 lbs per year World Pesticide Use 6 billion pounds $45 billion/year World Crop Losses

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Rachel Carson Conference

Symposium on Pesticide Dependency

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WORLD POPULATION

7 Billion people 60% Billion malnourished

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FOOD CONSUMED per CAPITA

2,200 lbs per year

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World Pesticide Use

6 billion pounds $45 billion/year

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World Crop Losses

40% Pre-Harvest Losses 25% Post-Harvest Losses Total Losses = 52%

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FOOD COMTAMINATION

Pesticides in Foods 5% above Tolerance Fruits and Vegetables

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Human Poisonings

26 million = world 220,000 deaths

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U.S. Pesticide Poisonings

300,000 non-fatal poisonings EPA

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Rachel Carson Leadership

Carson Stimulation Designed Housefly Control Required Less than 1,000th Dosage

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U.S. Corn and Soybeans

Insecticides plus Herbicides on Corn and Soybeans Total 310 billion kg

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Organic Corn and Soybeans

Zero Pesticides Zero commercial nitrogen fertilizer Cover legume crop

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22-year Experiment

Corn and Soybean Yields Exactly the Same In organic and commercial treatments

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Organic Treatment

No Soil Erosion 35% extra labor Reduced costs

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Organic Treatment

33% Reduced fossil energy No commercial fertilizers No insecticides or herbicides

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Why are Pesticides Heavily Used

On Corn and Soybeans? And on other crops in the U.S.?

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DDT

First used in 1945 By 1950 DDT Resistance

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2,4-D Herbicide Impacts

Corn borer 33% larger + Produced more eggs Corn leaf aphids 1,700

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2,4-D Herbicide

Black smut disease increased 5+ Lost resistance to Southern corn Disease pathogen

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Natural Enemies Killed

Cotton = $200 million Other Crops = $300 million Total = $500 million

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Rice Indonesia

Brown Plant Hopper $1 billion/year

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Natural Enemy Controls

50% - 90% Control in Crops

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Pesticide Resistance

520 insects & mites 200 weed species 150 plant pathogens

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Costs of Resistance

$1.5 billion/year

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Honeybees & Wild Bees

Benefits = $40 billion/year Pesticide Losses = $300 million/yr

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Essential Role of Bees

About one third of all food Crops require bee pollination

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Aircraft Applications

50% drift regular spray 75% drift ultra-low volume Never reaches target area

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Ground & Surface Water

Scientific Assessment $20 billion/year Pesticide polluted water

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Fishery Losses

EPA = $10/fish $25 million/year

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Bird Kills

72 million birds/year $2.1 billion/year

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Environmental & Public Health

Total Costs $12 billion/year No nestlings

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Sweden Pesticides 10 years

Reduced pesticides 68% Reduced human poisoning 77%

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Indonesia Pesticides Rice

Reduced pesticides 65% Rice yields increased 12%

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Land and Food

99.7% = Land 0.3% = Oceans

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WATER USE IN CORN

6 billion liters/growing season/ha 600,000 gallons/acre

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WATER INPUTS

1,000 liters/kg grain 45,000 liters/kg beef

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WATER: SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

5% soil organic matter Holds 820,000 liters water/hectare

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INVASIVE PEST SPECIES

Invasive Species =50,000 Plants = 25,000 Microbes = 20,000

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GMO’s

40% of research focused on Herbicide Tolerance in crops No increase in yields

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Herbicide Tolerance

75% of GMO crops are Herbicide Tolerant No yield increase

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World Pesticide Use

World = 3 billion kg U.S. = 0.5 billion kg

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World Crop Losses

Pre-Harvest = 40% Post-Harvest = 25% Total = 52%

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World Human Poisonings

26 Million Pesticide Poisonings 220,000 deaths

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Damage and Control Costs

$137 billion per year

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Causes of Extinctions

Human population = 45% Invasive species = 40%

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Cotton Pesticides

Insecticides = 3-4 kg/ha

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Perennials Grains

Energy Soil Erosion Rainfall Timing

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Energy Inputs in Corn Ethanol

Total Input = 6,660 kcal (liter) Total Output = 5,130 kcal (liter) Minus = 29%

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Corn Environmental Impacts

1,700 gal. Water/ethanol gal. Uses more nitrogen fertilizer More pesticides

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CROPLAND DECLINE

20% per decade

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IRRIGATION LOSS

10% loss/decade

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FERILIZER DECLINE

17% decline/decade

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WORLD GRAIN per PERSON

1960 = 270 kg 1984 = 340 kg 2004 = 300 kg

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