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❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❢r❡❡✴♦♣❡♥✲s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✿ tr❛♥s❢❡rr✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ●❡♠❛ ❘❛♠ír❡③✲❙á♥❝❤❡③ ✶ Pr♦♠♣s✐t ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ❙✳▲✳✱ ❆✈✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛t✱ s✴♥✳ ❊❞✐✜❝✐ ◗✉♦r✉♠ ■■■✳ ✵✸✷✵✷ ❊❧①✱ ❙♣❛✐♥ ✷✷♥❞ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✺

■♥tr♦

❲❤❛t ✐s ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠❄ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❥❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠❛ ③❛ r❛↔✉♥❛❧♥✐➨❦♦ ♣r❡✈❛❥❛♥❥❡✳ ✭s❧✮ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❥❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠❛ ③❛ r❛↔✉♥❛rs❦♦ ♣r❡✈♦➒❡♥❥❡✳ ✭❜s✮ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❥❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠❛ ③❛ r❛↔✉♥❛❧♥♦ ♣r❡✈♦➒❡♥❥❡✳ ✭❤r✮ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❥❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠❛ ③❛ ❦♦♠♣❥✉t❡rs❦♦ ♣r❡✈♦➒❡♥❥❡✳ ✭sr✮ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✳ ✭♣t✮ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❡s ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✳✭❡s✮ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❡✐ ✉♥ s✐stè♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉❝❝✐♦♥ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛✳ ✭♦❝✮ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ és ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉❝❝✐ó ❛✉t♦♠àt✐❝❛✳ ✭❝❛✮ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❡st❡ ♦ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠➔ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉❝❡r❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t➔✳ ✭r♦✮

❍♦✇ ❞♦❡s ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ✇♦r❦✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❜② ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❬✶✵ ♠✐♥✳❪

❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❈❧❛ss✐❝ s❤❛❧❧♦✇✲tr❛♥s❢❡r s②st❡♠ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❜② ✽ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✿ Morphological Deformatter Tagger Pre-transfer analyser Transference module Chunker Input Monolingual document dictionary Lexical Interchunk transference Output Post-gen Monolingual document dictionary dictionary Postchunk Morphological Reformatter Post-generator generator

❆♣❡rt✐✉♠✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❜② ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✭❡s✮ ❱✐ ❁❡♠❃✉♥❛ s❡ñ❛❧❁✴❡♠❃ ✭❢r✮ ❏✬❛✐ ✈✉ ❁❡♠❃✉♥ s✐❣♥❛❧❁✴❡♠❃

❙tr✉❝t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❲❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ✇❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣❄ MORPHOLOGICAL PoS TAGGER TRANSFER GENERATION

Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ✶✿ ❚❛❦✐♥❣ ❛ ❧♦♦❦ t♦ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛♣❡rt✐✉♠✲✈✐❡✇❡r ❬✸✵ ♠✐♥✳❪

❈♦♥tr❛st✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❬✶✵ ♠✐♥❪

❈♦♥tr❛st✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥tr❛st✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❡①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ t✇♦ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s t♦❣❡t❤❡r t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤❛t ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t❤❡② s❤❛r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤❡❞✳

▼♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr❛sts ❲❡ ❝❛❧❧ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr❛sts t❤♦s❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✇♦r❞✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡✿ ❍♦✇ ♣♦ss❡ss✐♦♥ ✐s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞✿ s✉✣①✱ ♦r s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ✇♦r❞ ❈❛s❡ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦r✐❡s ●❡♥❞❡r ✭♦r ✇♦r❞ ❝❧❛ss✮ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦r✐❡s ◆✉♠❜❡r ✭✐♥ ❛❧❧ ✇♦r❞s✱ ♦r ❥✉st ✐♥ ♥♦✉♥s✴♣r♦♥♦✉♥s✮ ✏❙②♥t❤❡t✐❝✑ ✈❡r❜ t❡♥s❡s P❡rs♦♥ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦r② ❋♦r♠❛❧✐t② ▼♦r♣❤❡♠❡ ♦r❞❡r ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣♦ss❡ss✐✈❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡✴❛❢t❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r✮

❙②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❝♦♥tr❛sts ❙②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❝♦♥tr❛sts ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇♦r❞s ❊①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦r ♥♦t ♦❢ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❊①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦r ♥♦t ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉❧s♦r② s✉❜❥❡❝t ♣r♦♥♦✉♥s ❲♦r❞ ♦r❞❡r ✭❜♦t❤ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♣❤r❛s❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣❤r❛s❡s✮ ✏❆♥❛❧②t✐❝✑ ✈❡r❜ t❡♥s❡s

❈♦♥tr❛st✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠ ❝❛♥ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ ❡❛s✐❧② s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♥tr❛sts✿ ❧♦❝❛❧ r❡♦r❞❡r✐♥❣s ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✭❣❡♥❞❡r✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r✱ ❝❛s❡✮ ✈❡r❜ t❡♥s❡s ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡s ✭❞❛t❡s✱ ❤♦✉rs✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❇✉t ✐s ♥♦t ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❜✐❣ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✿ ❛❝t✐✈❡ t♦ ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ✈♦✐❝❡ ✐s ♦✉t ♦❢ s❝♦♣❡✳

Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ✷✿ ❈♦♥tr❛st✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❙❡r❜✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❈r♦❛t✐❛♥ ❬✸✵ ♠✐♥✳❪

❋♦r♠❛❧✐s✐♥❣ r✉❧❡s ❬✶✵ ♠✐♥✳❪

❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ r✉❧❡s ■♥ ❆♣❡rt✐✉♠✱ ♦✉r ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❧❡♠♠❛s✱ ♣❛rts✲♦❢✲s♣❡❡❝❤ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ t❛❣s✳ ❙②♥t❛❝t✐❝ t❛❣s ♠❛② ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❙♦✱ ✇❤❡♥ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ r✉❧❡s✱ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❲❤❡♥ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ tr❛♥s❢❡r r✉❧❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ♦❢t❡♥ ✇♦rt❤ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ✈❡r② ❜❛s✐❝ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s s✉❝❤ ❛s✿ ■♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ✿ ❆❞❞ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✇♦r❞ ♦r t❛❣✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❞❡❜❛t❛ ➣❡ ❜✐t✐ ♦❞r➸❛♥❛ → t❤❡ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❤❡❧❞ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❙✉❡ ❁♥♣❃❁❛♥t❃❁❢❃❁s❣❃ → ❙✉❡ ❁♥♣❃❁❛♥t❃❁❢❃❁s❣❃ ❁♥♦♠❃ ❉❡❧❡t✐♦♥ ✿ ❘❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛ ✇♦r❞ ♦r ❛ t❛❣✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❣✐✈❡ ✐t → ❞❛t✐ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❞❡❜❛t❛ ❁♥❃ ❁❢❃ ❁s❣❃ ❁♥♦♠❃ → ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❁♥❃❁s❣❃ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❜❛s✐❝ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♣❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst t✇♦✿ ❙✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ✿ ❘❡♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ t❛❣✴✇♦r❞✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t❛❣✴✇♦r❞ ❡✳❣✳ ✈♦❝❛t✐✈❡ ✐♥ ❯❦r❛♥✐❛♥ ✐s r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦♠✐♥❛t✐✈❡ ✐♥ ❘✉ss✐❛♥ ❘❡♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ✿ ❈❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s✱ ♦r t❛❣s ❡✳❣✳ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ❛❞❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✰ ✈❡r❜ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥ ❈r♦❛t✐❛♥ t♦ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤✿ ♦❞❣♦✈♦r❛♥ ❥❡ → ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡