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●r♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❆❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙②♠❜♦❧s P❛♥❦❛❥ Pr❛t❡❡❦ ♣r❛t✐❦❦r❅❝s❡✳✐✐t❦✳❛❝✳✐♥ ■■❚ ❑❛♥♣✉r

❙②♠❜♦❧ ◮ ❙❛✉ss✉r❡✿ ◮ P❡♦♣❧❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r s②♠❜♦❧s ❛s ❁t❡r♠✱♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❃ ♣❛✐rs ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♠❡r❣❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ r❡❛❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥s

❍♦✇ ❞♦ s②♠❜♦❧s ❣❡t ❣r♦✉♥❞❡❞❄ ❍♦✇ ❞♦ t❤❡② ❣❡t ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts❄

❇❛❜② ❉❡s✐❣♥❡r ▼♦❞❡❧ ❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ✶✿ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇❛❜② ❉❡s✐❣♥❡r

Pr❡✈✐♦✉s ❲♦r❦ ❅✐♥♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s④♠✉❦❡r❥❡❡✷✵✶✵✉s✐♥❣✱ t✐t❧❡❂④❯s✐♥❣ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t s②♠❜♦❧s t♦ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r ♠✉❧t✐✲❧✐♥❣✉❛❧ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❞❡s✐❣♥⑥✱ ❛✉t❤♦r❂④▼✉❦❡r❥❡❡✱ ❆ ❛♥❞ ❉❛❜❜❡❡r✉✱ ▼▼⑥✱ ❜♦♦❦t✐t❧❡❂④Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❉❊❚❈⑥✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡❂④✶✵⑥✱ ②❡❛r❂④✷✵✶✵⑥ ⑥

Pr❡✈✐♦✉s ❲♦r❦ ❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ✷✿ ♣❡❣✲✐♥✲❤♦❧❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧②

Pr❡✈✐♦✉s ❲♦r❦ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞ ✇ ✐ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ❈ ❥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ◮ ❉✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥✿ ♣ ( ❈ / ✇ ) ♦r ♣ ( ✇ / ❈ ) ❄❄❄ ◮ ❖♥❧② t✇♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✱ s♦ ♣ ( ❈ ❚ / ✇ ) = ♣ ( ✇ / ❈ ▲ ) . ♣ ( ❈ ▲ ) ♣ ( ❈ ▲ / ✇ ) ♣ ( ✇ / ❈ ❚ ) . ♣ ( ❈ ❚ ) ◮ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐♥st❛❝❡s ♦❢ ❈ ▲ ❛♥❞ ❈ ❚ ❛❧♠♦st s❛♠❡ ✐♥ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛✱ s♦ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s♥✬t ♠❛tt❡r✳ ◮ ❋♦r str♦♥❣❡st ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❈ ❚ ✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠❛① ✐ { ♣ ( ✇ ✐ / ❈ ❚ ) ♣ ( ✇ ✐ / ❈ ▲ ) }

❊♠❡r❣❡♥t ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥s ❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ✸

❊♠❡r❣❡♥t ❲♦r❞ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥s ❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ✹

▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ◮ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ ❍✐♥❞✐ ❈♦r♣✉s ✐♥ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♠❛♥♥❡r✳ ◮ ■♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥ tr✐❡s t♦ ✐♥s❡rt t❤❡ ♣❡❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦❧❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✐s ✐♥ ❛✐r✳ ◮ P❧❛♥ t♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ♥❛t✐✈❡ ❤✐♥❞✐ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✭✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ✈❡r② ❧❡ss ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐t❤ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤✮✳

❊①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❘❡s✉❧ts ◮ ❍✐♥❞✐ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ❚❡❧✉❣✉ ✭♠♦r❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤✮ ◮ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❍✐♥❞✐ ♥❛rr❛t✐♦♥s ✭✧❚✐❣❤t ✿ ❚❛❛♥❣✧ ✐s ✉♥❝♦♠♠♦♥✮

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✿ ✶✳ ❬▼❛❞❛♥ ❉❛❜❜❡❡r✉✱ ❆♠✐t❛❜❤❛ ▼✉❦❤❡r❥❡❡❪✳ ✧❯s✐♥❣ ❙②♠❜♦❧ ❊♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r ▼✉❧t✐✲▲✐♥❣✉❛❧ ❚r❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❉❡s✐❣♥✧✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❙▼❊ ✷✵✶✵ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ■❉❊❚❈✴❉❚▼ ✷✵✶✵✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✷✳ ❬❉❛❜❜❡❡r✉✱ ▼❛❞❛♥ ▼♦❤❛♥ ❛♥❞ ▼✉❦❡r❥❡❡✱ ❆♠✐t❛❜❤❛❪✳ ✧▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❜❛❜② ❞❡s✐❣♥❡r✧✳ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✬✶✵✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ✸✳ ❬❙ ❱ P ●♦♣✐ ❙r✐♥❛t❤✱ ◆✐❦❤✐❧ ❏♦s❤✐✱ Pr❛❜❤❛t ▼✉❞❣❛❧✱ ❆♠✐t❛❜❤❛ ▼✉❦❡r❥❡❡❪✳ ✧▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♥❞❡❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❍✐♥❞✐ ♥♦✉♥s ❢r♦♠ ✈✐❞❡♦ s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡r ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❛r②✧✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ■❈❖◆✲✷✵✶✵✿ ✽t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ✭❝♦♥t✳✳✳✮✿ ✶✳ ❬▼❛❞❛♥ ❉❛❜❜❡❡r✉✱ ❆♠✐t❛❜❤❛ ▼✉❦❡r❥❡❡❪✳ ✧❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ t❛❝✐t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳✧ ✷✳ ❬❉❡ ❙❛✉ss✉r❡✱ ❋❡r❞✐♥❛♥❞❪✳ ✧◆❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝ s✐❣♥✧✳ ❈♦✉rs❡ ■♥ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✱ ✶✾✶✻✳

❊①tr❛ ❙❧✐❞❡s ❢♦r ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥✳✳✳