QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID): a possible alternative - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID): a possible alternative - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 28, 2023 438 likes •659 views

QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID): a possible alternative for noble liquid experiments A. Lyashenko (UCLA) LIDINE2013, May 29, Fermi Lab Motivation - Extremely low internal radioactivity: U + Th < 0.5 mBq, 60 Co < 0.5 mBq, 40 K

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SLIDE 1

QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID): a possible alternative for noble liquid experiments

  • A. Lyashenko (UCLA)

LIDINE2013, May 29, Fermi Lab

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SLIDE 2

Motivation

  • Extremely low internal radioactivity:

U + Th < 0.5 mBq, 60Co < 0.5 mBq, 40K < 5 mBq

  • High QE: >30% @178nm for Xe, @420nm for Ar
  • Hi Gain: >105 @-100C for Xe, @-180C for Ar
  • Clear Single PE peak: >4 peak/valley
  • Low Dark Count Rate: <100Hz @ -100C
  • Low afterpulsing rate: <2% in ~2uS
  • Good Cathode/Anode Pulse Linearity:

~24nA for cathode, 2.4mA for anode @105

  • Good photocathode uniformity: +-15%
  • High PE collection efficiency: >80%
  • Good timing properties: pulse width <10nS
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SLIDE 3

What is QUPID?

QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector APD (0V) PC (-6kV) Al coating hν e- Made of Synthetic Silica

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SLIDE 4

QUPID production version

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SLIDE 5

QUPID backgrounds: Gamma

XENON1T

QUPID 3" PMT R11410-20

0 cm (2.3 t) 5 cm (1.6 t) 10 cm (1.1 t) GATOR (10 QUPIDs) GATOR (10 PMTs) Evts/year Evts/year Evts/year mBq/unit mBq/unit U-238 <560 <0.5 <14 <18 Th-232 35 0.24 0.02 0.4±0.1 0.9±0.2 Rn-226 23 0.14 0.01 0.3±0.1 0.9±0.3 K-40 55 0.32 0.02 7±1 12±2 Co-60 <4.9 <0.21 <0.02 <0.21 1.3±0.2

  • Energy range [2 - 18] keVee
  • Multiple hit cut
  • S2/S1 cut at 99% rejection

Total Gamma <0.07

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SLIDE 6

QUPID backgrounds: Neutrons

  • SOURCES-4C assuming Th at 0.4(2) mBq
  • About a factor 6 lower than GATOR upper limit
  • Geant4
  • Energy range [5 - 40] keVnr
  • Multiple hit cut

Requirement: < 0.1 n/y in [5 - 40] keVnr from the QUPIDs

XENON1T

QUPID 3" PMT R11410-20

10 cm (1.1 t) 20 cm (0.5 t) GATOR GATOR mBq mBq mBq mBq U 9 27

<15 <19

Th 2 6

0.4±0.1 0.9±0.2

  • Allowing 0.1 n/y in the signal phase space: U activity must be

reduced to 9 mBq while Th already satisfy the specifications

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SLIDE 7

QUPID Characteristics: QE

10 20 30 40 150 250 350 450 550

Quantum Efficiency [%] Wavelength [nm]

Xenon type Argon type

Xenon (178 nm) Argon + TPB (420 nm)

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SLIDE 8

QUPID Characteristics: Gain

1 10 100 1000 200 400 600 Gain APD Reversed Bias [V]

BA0089 Avalanche Gain

20C

  • 100C

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gain PC Bias [kV]

BA0089 Bombardment Gain

20C

  • 100C

Total Gain = 100 x 1300 =1.3*105 @ -100C

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SLIDE 9

QUPID Characteristics: SPE peak

  • 6kV on PC

Gain ~1.15*105

  • 7kV on PC

Gain ~1.4*105

  • 8kV on PC

Gain ~1.7*105 1PE 2PE 3PE 1PE 2PE 3PE 1PE 2PE 3PE 4PE 4PE Peak/Valley ~6 Peak/Valley ~7.5 Peak/Valley ~7.5

Excellent photon counting capability Peak/valley >4

1PE 2PE 3PE

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SLIDE 10

QUPID Characteristics: Dark Count Rate

4000Hz @ 1PE threshold,20C 70Hz @ 1PE threshold,-150C >100Hz Dark Count rate at low temperature

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SLIDE 11

QUPID Characteristics: Linearity

  • For 2.5MeV gamma calibration event,

– Assumption：

  • Pulse Charge:

1.5*104 e- / pulse @ 3 PE/keV

  • Pulse width:

1s

  • Rate：

~1kHz – Required Linearity

  • Pulse Linearity (Cathode)：

24nA

  • Pulse Linearity (Anode)：

2.4mA

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SLIDE 12

QUPID Characteristics: Linearity

Cathode Anode 5% level 1000nA @-110C 100nA @-150C 20nA @-170C 3mA @-100C 5% level Gain 105, Rate 600Hz Gain 105, Rate 600Hz

Capable of high calibration rate of 600Hz for 2.5MeV gammas

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SLIDE 13

QUPID Characteristics: Uniformity

Cathode Anode

Photocathode and anode showed a uniform response to 80% across the face

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SLIDE 14

QUPID Characteristics: PE Collection

Collection Efficiency >80% across the entire photocathode area

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SLIDE 15

QUPID Characteristics: Timing properties

Phototube Rise Time Fall Time Pulse Width Transit Time Spread R11065 4.2 ± 1.1 ns 10.0 ± 1.0 ns 8.0 ± 0.6 ns 7.4 ± 0.5 ns R8520 1.9 ± 0.2 ns 2.9 ± 0.2 ns 4.4 ± 0.1 ns 1.1 ± 0.1 ns QUPID 1.8 ± 0.1 ns 2.5 ± 0.2 ns 4.20 ± 0.05 ns 160 ± 30 ps

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SLIDE 16

QUPID Operation in LXe

Liquid Xenon Chamber Polyethylene Support PTFE QUPID Support Cylinder Aluminum and PTFE QUPID Holder Cooling System 57Co and 210Po Source QUPID Cryocooler Cryostat Control Panel Xenon Bottle Getter Circulation Pump

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SLIDE 17

QUPID Operation in LXe

2 pe/keV γ (122 keV) α (5.3 MeV) 1.6 pe/keV

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SLIDE 18

7QUPID Array Operation in LAr

CAEN V1720 (250Mhz Digitizer)

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SLIDE 19

FADC 250 MHz 12 Bits FADC 250 MHz 12 Bits

Detector CAEN V1720

(8 ch / board)

  • 6 kV

(Photo cathode)

High Range ( < 5 MeV) Low Range ( < 80 keV) Amp X 60

4M samples Memory 4M samples Memory

QUPID G=160,000

  • 300 V

(APD Bias) 500 M APD 100 k 1 nF (1 kV) Coax Cable (10 m)

APD Receiver HV Power Supply

(10 m)

7QUPID Array Readout

RFBay Inc. LNA1440

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SLIDE 20

7QUPID Array Operation in LAr

1PE 2PE 3PE in LAr Signals from 4 QUPIDs observed in LAr

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SLIDE 21

Summary

  • Low radioactivity:< 1 mBq

– < 0.1 neutron / year

  • Special Photocathode:

Bialkali LT – > 35 % QE at 170 – 450 nm (Ar-type & Xe-type) – Low resistivity even at Liquid Ar temperature (-185oC)

  • True photon counting.

– 1, 2, 3… photoelectron peaks clearly visible. – TTS = 160 ps (to be compared with 6 ns of 3” PMT)

  • Good PE Collection, Good Linearity, Good PC Uniformity
  • Simple HV supply

– Resister chain not necessary

  • Successful operation in Liquid Xenon and Argon