Quality and Equity: Quality and Equity: Chinese Higher Chinese - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Quality and Equity: Quality and Equity: Chinese Higher Chinese - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Quality and Equity: Quality and Equity: Chinese Higher Chinese Higher Education Agenda Education Agenda Dr. Zhou Zuoyu Zuoyu Dr. Zhou Michigan State University Michigan State University Feb. 6, 2008-Lansing Feb. 6, 2008-Lansing CIAE

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Quality and Equity: Quality and Equity: Chinese Higher Chinese Higher Education Agenda Education Agenda

  • Dr. Zhou
  • Dr. Zhou Zuoyu

Zuoyu Michigan State University Michigan State University

  • Feb. 6, 2008-Lansing
  • Feb. 6, 2008-Lansing
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SLIDE 2

CIAE CIAE

  • The Center for Higher and Adult

Education jointly emphasizes the importance of policy and international work in postsecondary education for the 21st century.

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SLIDE 3
  • 1. Background
  • 1. Background
  • 2. Quality campaign
  • 3. Equity strategy
  • 4. International dichotomy

and Chinese stories

  • 5. University Identity in Crisis
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SLIDE 4

Expansion and excellence pursuing Late-1990 And New Century

6

Merging, transferring, cooperation, consortium World-class university (211 Project, 985 Project) Mid-1990

5

Recovery of higher education entrance examination

Shift from centrally planned to market-

  • riented

1977-1978 Beginning 1980’s

4

Culture revolution (Zhang’s and Huang ’s anti-wave, the symbolic movie Rupture) 1966-1976

3

All institutions integrated into public sector ;Adopt Soviet model - part of highly centralized national planning; Dominated by highly-specialized institutions and science & engineering institutions 1952/1953

2

European/American model. When the People’s Republic of China was founded, colleges – 60.4% public, 29.8% private & 9.7% missionary

Late 1890’s till 1949

1

Characteristics Periods

1

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SLIDE 5

Quality Agenda

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SLIDE 6
  • Gross Enrolment Rate of Schools by Level
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SLIDE 7

Regular:1867(17.

3884 / 1. 1047

m i l l i

  • n)

Adult: 444 (5. 2488m i l l i

  • n)

1147 720/ 450 276(1.

3378m i l l i

  • n)

/ 994 318(1.

467m i l l i

  • n)

1591

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SLIDE 8

Year Public Higher Education Independe nt Colleges Private HEIs Public Regular HEIs H E I s f

  • r

Adults

Specialized vacational schools & j u n i o r colleges H I E s awardin g bachelor degree

H I E s awarding M a s t e r d e g r e e and above 2007 NA NA NA NA NA 295 2006 1147 720 450 444 318 276 2005 1091 701 450 481 295 252 2004 1047 684 454 505 NA 228 2003 1552 407 558 NA 173 2002 1396 408 607 NA NA 2001 1225 411 686 NA NA 2000 1041 415 772 NA NA 1999 1071 446 NA NA 1998 590 432 408 962 NA NA

Types of Higher Education Institutions

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SLIDE 9

Degree by Full Professors Degree by Full Professors

!!"!# $!"!% &'"(# '"$) $&"!( $*"(% !+"'$ $"!( +")& ()"*! %'"## $"+* ' $' !' +' *' ,-.-/012 345-060/57/8- 92:08;1<1=-

MOE, Department of Development Planning

PhD-Ma-Ba-UnderBa

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SLIDE 10

Lowest 10 Frequent Activities Fres Soph Juni Seni Over

  • 1. Interaction with Faculty

2.Work on research project 3.Ask help from librarians 4.Preparing written report 5.Manage or leader club in*out 6.Ask teacher evaluate performance 7.Discuss with foreign students 8.Discuss with faculty for career 9.Discuss team or org. activities 10. Participate outside school activities

72.1% 79.5% 65.7% 72.2% 70.9% 54.5% 59.2% 55.6% 51.7% 50.1% 61.2% 66.6% 62.0% 60.2% 51.2% 52.9% 43.5% 48.7% 41.7% 40.5% 57.4% 48.7% 57.2% 47.9% 50.0% 48.6% 47.4% 40.3% 44.4% 40.9% 44.0% 32.7% 46.7% 40.6% 44.6% 37.0% 34.7% 31.5% 31.6% 31.3% 60.4% 60.2% 59.1% 57.4% 55.8% 49.4% 47.5% 45.7% 43.5% 41.8%

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SLIDE 11
  • Student attitude to the programs

34.6% 24.6% 19.1% 11.8% 10.5% 10.4% 9.9% 8.5% 8.4% 6.5% 4.6% 2.1% 43.6% 15.8% 2.9% 0.1% 0.1% 8.1% 5.0% 3.8% 4.2% 3.7% 0.1% 0.1% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Sci Lit Ecn Med Eng Edc Law His Mana Phl Mil Agr

Expected Current

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Quality Campaign Quality Campaign

–World-class university campaign –Undergraduate teaching evaluation –Undergraduate teaching quality project –Model Short-cycle college project campaign

2

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Establishment of World-class Establishment of World-class Universities Universities

Action Plan for Invigorating Education Phase II (2003-07) 2003 The ‘11th Five Year Plan’ (2006-2010) The ‘Project 111’ – Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (2006-2008) Drafting of National Guideline on Medium & Long- Term Plan for Education Development (2006-2020) 2006 ‘Project 985’ – Phase II in 2004-2007 2004 Action Plan for Invigorating Education Phase I 1999 ‘Project 985’ – Phase I - 1999 1998 ‘Project 211’ – Phase II in 2000; Phase III in 2006 1995

Project

Year

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SLIDE 14

2007：Quality Project

Institutionalization of higher

Institutionalization of higher education evaluation education evaluation 2003

1998

1990 1985Reform Decision on the Educational System

Five-Year Round Evaluation Temporary Regulations for Higher Education Evaluation Higher Education Law

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SLIDE 15

2004 Criteria for Undergraduate Teaching 2004 Criteria for Undergraduate Teaching Evaluation Evaluation

8.Unique Programs 7.1 Basic theory and skills 7.2 Dissertation and design 7.3 Moral and Ideology 7.4 PE 7.5 Social Reputation 7.6 Employability 7．Outcomes 6.1 Teaching Behavior 6.2 Learning Vogue 6．Learning Climate 5.1 Administrative team 5.2 Quality control 5．Teaching Administration 4.1 Major 4.2 Course 4.3 Practice teaching 4．Major and teaching reform 3.1 Teaching infrastructure 3.2 Teaching Funds 3．Facility and usage 2.1 Faculty Number and Structure 2.2 Subject Teacher 2．faculty member 1.1 Position 1.2 Idea of Running School 1．Direction Philosophy

Second Level First Level

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Diversification in the process of Diversification in the process of massification massification

Diversity Diversity A A C C E E D D B B

Institutio Institutio n Types n Types Value Value Indicato Indicato r r Aims of Aims of Education Education Quality Quality

Criteria Criteria Enforcement Enforcement Cause and Cause and effect effect

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Weakness of Higher Weakness of Higher Education Practice Education Practice

  • Unfitness: quality not fit for the demand from

social-economic development

  • Irrationality: structures of specialty &

program are not rational

  • Lack：Students’ lack of practical competence

and innovation spirit

  • Poor quality: Faculty members’ overall quality

needs raising

  • Out-of-date: Curriculum and instruction:

educating models, teaching contents and methods need transforming.

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SLIDE 18

Quality project Quality project

  • Ends: improve the quality of undergraduate

teaching

  • Means: push forward reform and share the high-

grade resources

  • Principles:

– Direction by classification – Encourage uniqueness and diversity – Emphasis on reform

  • Strategy: breaking-through points for reform

– Set up programs which have fundamental, systemic, guiding implication

  • Motivating institutions for initiative and efforts
  • Guiding the reform direction
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SLIDE 19

Support to Western HEIs Faculty and leadership Development Teaching evaluation& Baseline data publishing Team building & faculty development 100 award Practical instruction& Teaching model reform Courses, textbooks & resource sharing Program structure Adjustment & Accreditation

QP

2.5billion RMB

500 labs 15000 excellent students, 500 Innovation Areas 3000 courses 10,000 text- books 3000 majors 10 million program for design

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SLIDE 20

Equity Agenda

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SLIDE 21

Gross Enrolment Rate Gross Enrolment Rate

  • National HEd GER=[Enrolled Number÷ (18-22)

population number]×100％

– Post-graduate number in HEIs+ Academy – Regular HEIs undergraduate and short-cycle students – Adult undergraduate and short-cycle students – Military undergraduate and short-cycle students – Diploma examination participants from private institutions – TV students enrolled ×converted coefficient(<1) – Higher Education Self-taught examination graduates × converted coefficient(>1)

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SLIDE 22

985 project 211 project postgraduate u n d e r g r a d u a t e Short-cycle and specialized Ind. private Types of Higher Education Institutions Central govt. Local govt.

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Higher Education Self-Taught Examination Participants Annual Entrants and Graduates Unit：in person

Year Entrants in Total Graduates in Total Year Entrants Graduates 1983 331420 1992 5850655 157 045 1984 1486260 1 478 1993 5174560 170 335 1985 2767541 29 190 1994 5572796 204 149 1986 3391178 140 133 1995 7086301 239 272 1987 3968702 122 734 1996 8874437 270 658 1988 3862852 155 317 1997 10258754 299 906 1989 3765946 171 157 1998 11847113 352 963 1990 4362409 161 682 1999 13119963 436 787 1991 5355220 156 659 2000 6889085 238 766 In Total（entrant=person×times） 103965192 3 308 231

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Chinese HEIs in transition by funds

Funds Year 1996 1997 1998 2000 2002 2003 Total funds (in ten thousand)

3678981 4362767 5981215 9831365 15832129.1 18736788

National financial educational funds

78.56% 76.51% 64.16% 57.34% 49.74% 46.80%

Group and individual input

0.39% 0.4% 0.40% 0.93% 2.64% 4.14%

Endowment and charity

1.07% 1.42% 1.98% 1.56% 1.77% 1.37%

Fees

15.06% 16.29% 14.23% 22.04% 26．94% 29.29%

Others

4.92% 5.43% 19.17% 18.14% 18.92 18.40%

Source: Chinese Statistics Yearbook, 1997 to 2005, including adult institutions.

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SLIDE 25
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Year Average tuition fees

  • f

regular public HIEs on the whole Average annual usable income by township people Percentage

  • f

tuition fees to usable income for township Average net income by rural people Percentage of tuition fees to net income for rural

1996 1670 4,839 34.5% 1,926 86.7% 1997 2,171 5,160 42.5 2,090 103.8 1998 2,621 5,425 48.3 2,162 121.2 1999 3,185 5,854 54.4 2,210 144.1 2000 4,415 6,280 70.3 2,253 195.9 2001 4,557 6,859 66.4 2,366 192.6 2002 4,557 7,702 59.2 2,475 184.1 2003 4,557 8,472 53.8 2,622 173.8 2004 4,557 9,422 48.4 2,936 155.2 2005 4,557 10,493 43.4 3,255 140.0

Higher Education Affordability for Township & Rural Civilian in transition (RMB yuan)

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SLIDE 27
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SLIDE 28

Equity Strategy Equity Strategy

  • Enlarge the enrolment rate
  • Merit oriented access policy
  • Financial support to the

group disadvantaged

  • New Initiative program: free

teacher education program

3

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SLIDE 29
  • Gross Enrolment Rate of Schools by Level
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SLIDE 30

Financial Support to the Financial Support to the Poor Poor

  • Types:

– Stipend – Loan – Bursary – Work assistant – Extremely poor – Derating – Green Gate

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Data by loans Data by loans

  • By the end of 2005, for 1387 students

from public institution, poor students

  • ccupy 20%, amount to 2.70million.

extremely poor up to 5%-10%, 700 thousand to 1.4million.

  • From Jun.2004 to Jun. 2006, 1.543

million new applicants were contracted, amount to 13.17 billion. Added to the former ones, 2.405 million contracts, up to 20.14 billion

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Dichotomy discourses and beyond Dichotomy discourses and beyond

  • 1. Two targets: quality vs. equity
  • 2. Two trends: diversification vs. homogenization
  • 3. Two sectors: public vs. private
  • 4. Two forces: autonomy vs. accountability
  • 5. Two powers: academic vs. administrative
  • 6. Two functions: teaching vs. research
  • 7. Two purposes: general education vs. professional

education

  • 8. Two cultures: literature vs. science
  • 9. Two stakeholder: within and without
  • 10. Two behaviors: private and organizational

4

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University Identity in University Identity in Crisis Crisis

  • Subordinate to the government
  • Blurring the border between

universities and enterprises

  • Organization “Commitment Drain”

– Compared with “Brain drain”

5

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SLIDE 34

The Fact I know but never real; The value I pursue but never clear.