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TDT4250 - Modeling of Information Systems, Autumn 2006

Interactive models for networked

• rganizations and virtual enterprises

John Krogstie Professor, IDI, NTNU Senior Researcher, SINTEF ICT

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Overview of lectures this week

Interactive models for enterprise modeling – EEML

(Monday)

Dynamic networked organizations / Virtual Enterprises Presentation of an overall infrastructure for supporting

networked organizations

Experiences and results Based on

• A2: Interactive models for Supporting Networked

Organizations (some overlap with A1)

• A3: Interactive Models for Virtual Enterprises
• A4: Moran, T., Cozzi, A. and Farrell, S.P. Unified activity

management

• EEML Notation Guide

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Unified Activity Management (A4)

Lot of focus on automation Little support of knowledge work done manually

• r semi-automatically supported by tools

UAM – support of informal, collaborative business

activities that does not inhibit its informal and locally adaptive nature.

Need shared representation of activity (a.k.a. task)

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Main objectives of UAM

Organize work around activities (not

tools/artifacts)

To guide an\nd coordinaye work, but not

constraining it too much

Single place to manage many activities To capture, reuse and evolve best practice Integrate workflow and informal activitis

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What activities have you been involved in which included short-term collaboration with others?

Example of activities Use of technology Problems encountered

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Some trends

eBusiness (B2B) Trade, standards→ knowledge based cooperation Enterprise modeling Also for use Ontologies Static → Dynamic Workflow Static and adaptive → Emergent and interactive

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Virtual Enterprises/ Networked Organization

Virtual Enterprise (VE): ’ A customer solution

delivery system created by a temporary ICT enabled integration of core competencies’

Other terms: (dynamic) networked organizations Virtual organizations Extended enterprise Business eco-systems ….

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Examples of types of networks

Star (one powerful core partner, many suppliers) (Dynamic) Supply-chain (Project)-consortia Thematic interest network/community network

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Challenges

Heterogenity Need for flexibility Complexity

According to

Knowledge Process Infrastructure

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Problem space for VE Integration

Customized and personalized support; Rapid formation of VEs, allowing partners to join along the way Supporting both structured and ad-hoc work (with evolving plans); Handling unforeseen exceptions Learning, partners must be able to improve practice based on common experience from the VE Flexibility Enterprise architectures, managing systems portfolios; Avoiding featuritis (unmanageably complex systems) Work management, planning and coordinating complex and uncertain interdependencies among several concurrent activities Integrate capabilities, form effective teams across local cultures. Complexity Interoperability across companies' software architectures Process diversity, negotiating different procedures between the partners Communication, establishing a common language across companies and disciplines Heterogeneity Infrastructure Process Knowledge

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EXTERNAL- Extended Enterprise Resources, Network Architectures and Learning

Resources Extended Enterprise Model

EXTENDED ENTERPRISE DYNAMIC NETWORKED

ORGANISATION Reflected by Multiple shared views

ACTIVE KNOWLEDGE MODEL

Tools Information Resources Process Organisation Experience feedback

• EXTERNAL supported establishing the

infrastructure for dynamic network co-

• peration between symbolic analysts
• Use of interactive models as dynamically

evolving enterprise model supporting planning and work performance

• Integration of a number of model

activators to make use of the model

• Approach is being further extended in

ATHENA (IP IST 6FP), MAPPER (STREP IST 6FP) and MONESA (Norwegian Research Council)

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Three layers of infrastructure

Layer 1, the information and communication

technology (ICT) layer: – defining and describing the platform, software architectures, tools, software components, connectivity and communication.

Layer 2, the knowledge representation layer: -

defining and describing constructs and mechanisms for modeling.

Layer 3, the work performance and management

layer; - modeling and implementing customer solutions, generating work environments

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Layer 1, the information and communication technology (ICT) layer

METIS Enterprise model server XCHIPS Cooperation server FrameSolutions Work execution server SimVision Simulation client WORKWARE Work management and performance server Shared Model Repository (SMR) server

http(s)

EXTERNAL EE Portal Integrated user environment in web browser METIS Modelling client XCHIPS Cooperation client

http(s)

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Execution environment supporting a full range of process types Market Project/Team Hierarchy

Low uncertainty Low goal congruence High uncertainty High goal congruence

Electronic Commerce Workflow Groupware Socio-economic relationship Coordination technologies Hardcoded Process Models Predefined model Evolving model Implicit EXTERNAL prosess support FrameSolutions XCHIPS WORKWARE EXTERNAL visualization and simulation

METIS SimVision

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Layer 2, the knowledge representation layer (conceptual meta-model of EEML)

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Layer 3, the work performance and management layer

Metamodelling in METIS Defines content of Modelling in METIS Work management portal with WORKWARE Defines content of Services, e.g. for work performance Modelled knowledge about a task, including its resources and current state

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Usage experience

Three detailed case studies in EXTERNAL

• Network of small IT consultant companies (SME)
• Business consulting partnership
• International research project
• Joint Project Planning
• Action list for emergent processes
• Quarterly progress report

Additional case-studies

• Proposal writing for an international project proposal
• Dissemination planning and follow up in an international project
• Learning from experience in experiments within the Norwegian Defence
• Military intelligence process
• Product development in automotive industry

Performed surveys and interviews with end-users to investigate

user experiences

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usiness Development Consultant Business Unit Manager Quality Engineer Team Leader Project Manager Product Manager

Work model Enterprise model Enterprise model

Workplace View Navigation View

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Example Worktop

Forms are selected by policies for the current user, type and object For each attribute, policies determine which HTML component to apply Which services to include are controlled by service configuration policies

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Example Worklist

Which columns to include, and how to present them, are controlled by policies Which objects to include in the list, are controlled by list query policies The navigation structure reflects the enterprise model and user policies

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Document Management

Document lists can be generated from user-defined queries on all attribute values Documents have an extensible, domain-oriented set of metadata attributes

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Access Control

Access control policies refer to user-oriented concepts from the enterprise model Access control works on multiple levels, from whole projects to individual attribute fields

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Proposal writing case:

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Example - Proposal

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The specialised model as a basis for a work environment

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Allocation of persons to tasks

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Problem space for VE Integration

Customized and personalized support; Rapid formation of VEs, allowing partners to join along the way Supporting both structured and ad-hoc work (with evolving plans); Handling unforeseen exceptions Learning, partners must be able to improve practice based on common experience from the VE Flexibility Enterprise architectures, managing systems portfolios; Avoiding featuritis (unmanageably complex systems) Work management, planning and coordinating complex and uncertain interdependencies among several concurrent activities Integrate capabilities, form effective teams across local cultures. Complexity Interoperability across companies' software architectures Process diversity, negotiating different procedures between the partners Communication, establishing a common language across companies and disciplines Heterogeneity Infrastructure Process Knowledge

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Knowledge complexity

Enterprise models to capture Structuring and viewing of complex models in

enterprise modeling tools

Possible to extend and adapt language to local

needs

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Knowledge change

Support emergent workflow Concurrent meta-modeling, modeling, model-

driven management, work performance

Access-control on certain functionality

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Knowledge heterogenity

Support communication through infrastructure

and modeling terminology.

Common development of joint models to

construct shared understanding of the project

XChips for synchronous collaboration

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Process complexity

VE planning through joint construction of

enterprise model

Worklists with role and person-specific views Both personal lists and shared lists Process simulation through SimVision

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Process heterogenity

Emergent processes Local changes allowed and capture

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Process flexibility

Interactive model interpretation Can work with incomplete models Both ad-hoc and structured processes

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Infrastructure complexity

Portal based solution to work across existing

infrastructure

Hide local partner complexity

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Infrastructure flexibility

Software services as models Possible to add new services Possible to add new model activators User interface editor

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Infrastructure heterogenity

Extensible set of services User, role and task specific views Multiple perspectives to models can co-exist

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Challenges

Social and organizational challenges Demand openness and possibility of external scrutiny Culture, age, leadership style Increase the value The use of more activators Decrease rework Have the modeling as part of the work done in any

case (e.g. project planning as modeling)

Support reuse Problem of introduction Critical number of users

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Quality of interactive models

Metamodelling Change

Participant knowledge K Language extension L Modeling domain D Model externalization M Social actor interpretation I Technical actor interpretation T

Manual articulation Automatic articulation Activation Automatic activation Manual activation Reflection Articulation Model evolution

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Concluding remarks

Networked organizations needs an infrastructure that is not only

technical

Interactive models bridging planning and execution Support for simultaneous modeling, meta-modeling and process-

execution useful to support emerging needs

Support for a number of different model-activators and model-services

to utilize different parts of the model. Easy to add new services on an as needed basis.

Modeling on the instance level is doable by any symbolic analyst (but

that is not sufficient for them to do it).

Questions ?