Project Challenges: Past, Present, and Future Presented at - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SACROC CO2 Flood Project Challenges: Past, Present, and Future

Presented at Collaborative Symposium on CO2 EOR between Universities in Texas and Norway Rice University Houston: November, 19-21

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SACROC is in the Kelly-Snyder Field, largest of a chain of Canyon Reef Fields making up the Pennsylvanian Aged Horseshoe Atoll

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SACROC Unit Information

• Field discovery 11/1948
• Productive area: 49,980 acres
• Formation: Canyon Reef
• OOIP: 2,800 MMSTBO
• Oil column thickness: up to 900 ft in

Platform

• Average depth: 6800’
• Discovery pressure: 3100 psi
• Oil gravity: 39 API
• HC GOR:

– Original: 1000 Scf/Stbo – CO2 Flood: 2600 Scf/Stbo

• Rich gas, 230 Bbls NGL/Mmscf

HC gas

• Total CO2 Flood Gas GOR:

30,000 Scf/Stbo

• 10/2013 Production & Injection:

– 31,600 BOPD – 18,900 BPD NGL – 980 MMSCFID CO2 (90% Recycled)

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1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 1/1/1945 1/1/1955 1/1/1965 1/1/1975 1/1/1985 1/1/1995 1/1/2005 1/1/2015 Daily Rates (BOPD, BWPD, BWIPD, CO2 Production & Injection MSCFD)

SACROC Unit Performance History

BOPD BWPD CO2 Recycle (MSCFD) BWIPD CO2 Injection (MCFID)

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11/1948: Field discovery 9/1954: Center Line Water Injection begins Late 1971: Pattern waterflood begins 1/1972: CO2 injection begins 3/1974: Peak oil rate (215,000 Bopd) 1975: 20-acre infill drilling, 40-acre 5-spot development

100 1000 10000 100000 1/1/1970 1/1/1975 1/2/1980 1/1/1985

Daily Rates (BPD, MSCFD)

BOPD BWPD CO2 MSCFD BWIPD CO2 MSCFID

SACROC 4-Pattern Area CO2 Flood Pilot

Cumulative CO2 Injection Bubble Map through January, 1996

• Pilot conducted in south part of Unit ahead of the CO2 injection expansion

into the south of the Unit

• Pilot made up of four ~160-acre inverted 9-spot patterns
• 2000 BOPD+ of definitive oil response
• EOR was 10% of OOIP after 30% HCPV CO2 injection
• However, oil influx from outside project area complicates analysis; IWR<1.0

Water injection from 1973 to 1981 CO2-WAG injection from 1981 to 1986

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Norflood SW Bank Center Line

SACROC Early 1997 CO2 Injection Focusing on Center Line, Norflood, & SW Bank Redevelopment Projects

• Pennzenergy suspected that SACROC

hadn’t been effectively CO2 flooded

– Other West Texas projects beginning CO2 injection in the 1980’s and 1990’s had exhibited significant CO2 Flood EOR Wedges – SACROC’s CO2 injection had been conducted using high WAG ratios, sometimes below MMP

• Three focused CO2 flood test areas were

initiated:

– Norflood

• Focused on low permeability Middle

Canyon

– Southwest Bank

• Focused CO2 injection in lower

permeability reservoir

– Center Line

• Focused 40-acre 5-spot pattern

development

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Initial KM CO2 Flood Redevelopment

• KM Purchased SACROC in

2000

• Expanded upon Pennzenergy’s

successful Center Line CO2 flood project

• KM expanded its CO2 pipeline

infrastructure in 2003 by installing the Centerline Pipeline to deliver another 300 MMSCFD to the SACROC area and beyond

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McElmo Dome

• St. John’s

Yates Sacroc Katz CO2 Pipelines Doe Canyon

Year Project 1996: Center Line 1 & 2 Expansions (CL1 & CL2) 2001: Center Line 3 (CL3) 2002: Center Line 4 (CL4) 2002: Center Line 5 (CL5) 2003: Bull’s Eye (BE) 2004: Center Ring 1 (CR1) 2005: Center Ring 2 (CR2) 2007: Southwest Center Line 1 & 2 (SWCL1 & 2) 2008: Southwest Center Line 3 (SWCL3) 2008: Gilligan’s Island (GI) 2008: South Platform (SP) Platform development was deferred until all

• f the Central Plain areas were completed.

CL1 CL3 CR1 CR2 GI

SWCL 1 & 2

BE SP

SACROC CO2 Flood Redevelopment Project Areas 1996-2008

CR2 CR2 8

1996-2008 CO2 Flood Project Area Contribution to Total Unit Production

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5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 1/1/1995 1/1/2000 1/1/2005 1/1/2010

Oil Rate (BOPD)

Gilligan's Island South Platform Southwest Center Line CR 2 CR 1 Bullseye CL 5 CL 4 CL 3 CL 1 & 2 SACROC Unit Total

Platform CO2 Flood Development

• SACROC Platform Area has

the thickest pay in all of SACROC

– OOIP: 951 MMSTBO – Area: 5700 acres, 145 patterns

• Complex, Highly

Heterogeneous Reservoir

– Some Dual, Triple injection well completions used to better distribute CO2 injection

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37-11 Core Location

Intervals Cisco Green Zone MCN3 Lower Middle Canyon

SACROC Pay Zone Intervals

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SACROC west side SACROC south and east side SACROC upper Green Zone

Platform Area Green Zone

Navassa Island Modern Day Green Zone Analog Karsted Core Sample

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P1A & P1B 2009 Initial Platform CO2 Flood Project Areas

• Expanding CO2 Flood into

the Platform meant confronting severe CO2 channeling issues

– Several cases of CO2 breaking through within hours of starting CO2 injection

• IDEA (Infill Development

Experimental Area)

– 10-acre infill drilling & conversion project was implemented to create 20-acre 5-spot patterns – Objective was to increase recovery by connecting up discontinuous pay and allow faster processing of lower permeability layers

• Unfortunately the infill

drilling also connected up the high permeability layers/channels

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10-acre IDEA Producers IDEA Conversions to Injection

P1A P1B

CO2 Channeling Issues

• Early CO2 channeling issues resulted in several patterns having to be shut-in

– Cross-linked polyacrylate gel treatments successfully controlled many of the problems (except in the most extreme cases) – The long pump times required for placing the polymer treatments resulted in substantial production downtime

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Injecting Polymer Polymer Finished Shut In after BT RTP RTI CO2 Confirmed Channel Suspected Channel

P2 Project Design Changes

• Pre-Injection Polymer

Treatments were pumped

– Pumping polymer before beginning CO2 injection avoided significant production downtime

• Where economically justified,

three injection well completions were implemented to better distribute CO2 injection

• Horizontal producer was drilled
• n east side of project

– Replaced drilling 5 vertical wells

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37-11

SACROC Pattern 37-11 Triplet Injection Completion

CO2 Water CO2 Water CO2 Water

Cisco Green Zone Middle

Canyon

Completion OOIP (MSTBO) 2013 Average Injection (RBPD) Processing Rate (%HCPV/Yr) Cisco 3255 5452 41% GZ/UMCN 5845 6242 26% LMCN 3121 1055 8% Total 12221 12750 25%

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SACROC Pattern 37-11

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2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Jan-12 Jul-12 Dec-12 Jul-13 Dec-13 CO2 Production (MSCFD), Water Production (BWPD)

Oil Rate (BOPD)

Actual BOPD Actual BWPD Actual CO2p MCFD

4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 36000

Jan-12 Jul-12 Dec-12 Jul-13 Dec-13

CO2 Inj Rate (MSCFD)

Total Pattern CO2 Inj Rate Lower Middle Canyon Green Zone Cisco

SACROC Platform Oil Rate Tests 10/2013

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Horizontal Producers

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Horizontal Producing Well

• Drilling a horizontal producer replaced drilling

5 vertical wells

• Well was completed using 18 cross-

linked gelled acid stages

• Being able to drill horizontal producers will

reduce the development cost of expanding the CO2 flood project into the thinner patterns along the edge of the field

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Daily Rates

SACROC Horizontal Producer 30-22H

Oil (BBLS) Water (BBLS) Gas (MCF)

Lower MCN Horizontal Injection Completions

• Concerns over Lower MCN

vertical well drilling costs, reservoir processing rates led to approving 6 horizontal injection wells in the P3 South and P3 North CO2 Flood Project Areas

– Vertical well Lower MCN processing rates estimated to be <10% HCPV/yr – Multi-stage acid fractured Lower MCN processing rate expected to be >25% HCPV/yr

• All 3 of the P3 South wells have

be successfully drilled and completed

– 11-16H began water injection

• n 11/12/13; currently injecting

18,000 BWIPD

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11-16H

1996-2013 CO2 Flood Project Area Contribution to Total Unit Production

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Future SACROC CO2 Flood Development

4-Component Strategy:

– Exploit Transition Zone – By-Passed Redevelopment – Edge Pattern Development – Reassessment of Infill Development Potential

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SACROC South Shore Transition Zone Test Patterns 296-1 and 296-2

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10 100 1000 10000 100000

7/1/2011 12/30/2011 6/30/2012 12/29/2012 6/30/2013 Rate (BPD, MSCFD)

SACROC Unit Pattern PATS 296-1 & 296-2

Actual MCFID Actual BWPD Actual CO2p MCFD Actual BOPD

Cross-section view of 166-22H trajectory

• Target zone is 9’ below top of MCN2.
• Top of MCN2 is 8’ below MCN3 (yellow zone)
• Chevron OWC = dashed blue line
• -4600ss is base of log tracks

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PAT 100-1 PAT 101-1 PAT 102-2 PAT 102-3 PAT 103-1 PAT 104-1 PAT 105-2 PAT 106-1 PAT 106-3 PAT 107-1 PAT 107A-1 PAT 109-1A PAT 109-4 PAT 109-5A PAT 110-2 PAT 110-3 PAT 111-1 PAT 111-4 PAT 112-1 PAT 112-3 PAT 113-3A PAT 114-1 PAT 115-1GAP PAT 115-2 PAT 115-4 PAT 115-5GAP PAT 116-1 PAT 116-3 PAT 116-7GAP PAT 117-1 PAT 117-2 PAT 117-3 PAT 117-4 PAT 118-1 PAT 118-10 PAT 118-11 PAT 118-12 PAT 118-2 PAT 118-28 PAT 118-3 PAT 118-4AGAP PAT 118-5 PAT 118-6 PAT 118-7 PAT 118-8 PAT 119-1 PAT 119-2 PAT 120-1 PAT 120-2 PAT 121-1 PAT 121-2 PAT 121-3 PAT 121-4 PAT 121-5 PAT 122-1 PAT 122-2 PAT 122-3 PAT 123-1 PAT 123-2 PAT 123-4 PAT 123-6 PAT 124-11 PAT 124-12 PAT 124-13 PAT 124-15 PAT 124-7 PAT 125-5 PAT 127-1 PAT 127-5 PAT 128-X PAT 128-Y PAT 129-2 PAT 129-4A PAT 132-1 PAT PAT 136-3 PAT 136-7 PAT 136-X PAT 136-Y PAT 136-Z PAT 137-X PAT 138-1 PAT 138-13 PAT 138-2 PAT 138-3 PAT 138-5 PAT 138-6A PAT 138-7A PAT 138-8 PAT 139-2A PAT 139-6 PAT 140-5 PAT 140-6 PAT 141-1 PAT 141-2PAT 141-3 PAT 141-4 PAT 142-1 PAT 142-3 PAT 142-8 PAT 142-9 PAT 143-1 PAT 143-2 PAT 143-3GAP PAT 143-4 PAT 144-1 PAT 144-2 PAT 145-1A PAT 145-4 PAT 146-1 PAT 146-2 PAT 146-3 PAT 146-4 PAT 147-1 PAT 147-2 PAT 147-3 PAT 147-4 PAT 147-5 PAT 147-6 PAT 147-7 PAT 147-8 PAT 148-1 PAT 148-11 PAT 149-1 PAT 150-1 PAT 150-4GAP PAT 150-5 PAT 151-1 PAT 152-3A PAT 152-5 PAT 153-1 PAT 153-12 PAT 153-2 PAT 154-2 PAT 155-2 PAT 155-6 PAT 155-8 PAT 155-9 PAT 156-2 PAT 156-3 PAT 156-4GAP PAT 156-6 PAT 157-1 PAT 157-6 PAT 158-5 PAT 159-1 PAT 159-3 PAT 159-5 PAT 160-4 PAT 160-5 PAT 163-2 163-3 PAT 164-1 165-2 PAT 166-1 PAT 166-10A PAT 166-11 PAT 166-13 PAT 166-14 PAT 166-21 PAT 166-2GAP PAT 166-3 PAT 166-6 PAT 166-8 PAT 167-6GAP PAT 167-8 PAT 167-9 PAT 168-5 PAT 169-1 PAT 169-3 PAT 169-5 PAT 170-1 PAT 170-2 PAT 171-1 PAT 171-2 PAT 171-4 PAT 172-1 PAT 172-6GAP PAT 172-7 PAT 173-10 PAT 173-11 PAT 173-13 PAT 173-2 PAT 173-3 PAT 173-9GAP PAT 174-1 PAT 174-2 PAT 174-3 PAT 174-4 PAT 175-2 PAT 176-5 PAT 176-8GAP PAT 177-3 PAT 177-4A PAT 177-5 PAT 177-6 PAT 178-1 PAT 178-2 PAT 178-3GAP PAT 178-4 PAT 179-1 PAT 179-2 PAT 179-5GAP PAT 179-6 PAT 180-7 PAT 180-8 PAT 181-3 PAT 184-1 PAT 187-1 PAT 188-2 PAT 188-5 PAT 188-6 PAT 189-1 PAT 190-2 PAT 198-1 PAT 198-7 PAT 199-1 PAT 199-7 PAT 200-1 PAT 200-7 PAT 202-1 PAT 203-6 PAT 203-7 PAT 203-8 PAT 203-9 PAT 204-2 PAT 204-7 PAT 205-2 PAT 206-1 PAT 206-5A PAT 206-6 PAT 206A-7 PAT 207-5 PAT 208-2 PAT 208-5 PAT 210-5 PAT 210-6 PAT 210-8 PAT 211-2 PAT 212-2 PAT 212-4 PAT 212-5 PAT 213-4 PAT 213-5 PAT 214-3 PAT 215-2 PAT 215-5 PAT 215-6 PAT 215-7 PAT 216-5 PAT 216-6 PAT 217-1GAP PAT 217-7 PAT 217-8 PAT 217-9 PAT 220-5 PAT 221-1 PAT 221-2 PAT 221-3 PAT 221-4 PAT 223-1GAP PAT 223-2 PAT 224-1 PAT 224-2GAP PAT 225-10 PAT 225-11 PAT 225-3A PAT 225-8 PAT 227-5 PAT 228-5 PAT 228-6 PAT 228-7 PAT 229-1 PAT 229-2AGAP PAT 230-4 PAT 232-2 PAT 233-2 234-1 256-2 PAT 257-4 PAT 258-1 PAT 259-1 PAT 259-2A PAT 260-5 PAT 261-1A PAT 261-2 PAT 261-6 PAT 261-7A PAT 262-7 PAT 262A-1A PAT 262A-2A PAT 263-1A PAT 263-9 PAT 265-2A PAT 266-1A PAT 267-3 PAT 268-2A PAT 268-4 PAT 269-1A PAT 269-3 PAT 270-1 PAT 270-3 PAT 271-1A PAT 271-4 PAT 272-1 PAT 272-4 PAT 273-1A PAT 273-4 PAT 274-1 PAT 274-2 PAT 293-2 PAT 299-1A PAT 299-4A PAT 303-4 PAT 51-2 PAT 51-4A PAT 54-3PAT 54-4 PAT 57-3 PAT 57-4 PAT 60-1 PAT 60-2 PAT 61-5 PAT 61-9 PAT 65-2A PAT 67-1A PAT 67-2 PAT PAT PAT 69-1A PAT 69-2 PAT 69-3A PAT 69-4A PAT 70-1PAT 70-3A PAT 70-8 PAT 71-1 PAT 71-3 PAT 71-4 PAT 71-8 PAT 72-1 PAT 72-2 PAT 72-3 PAT 72-4 PAT 72A-7 PAT 73-1 PAT 73-2 PAT 73-3 PAT 73-4 PAT 74-10 PAT 74-11 PAT 74-2 PAT 74-9 PAT 75-16 PAT 75-2 PAT 75-3 PAT 75-4 PAT 75-5 PAT 75-6 PAT 75-7 PAT 75-8 PAT 77-1 PAT 77-2 PAT 77-3 PAT 77-4 PAT 77-8 PAT 79-5 PAT 79-6 PAT 79-7 PAT 81-1 PAT 81-2 PAT 81A-1 PAT 82-2 PAT 84-3 PAT 85-1 PAT 85-2 PAT 85-3 PAT 85-4 PAT 85-5 PAT 85-6 PAT 85-7 PAT 86-11 PAT 86-15A PAT 86-2 PAT 86-3A PAT 86-4 PAT 86-9A PAT 87-2 PAT 88-3 PAT 89-1A PAT 89-2 PAT 90-3 PAT 90-4A PAT 91-11 PAT 91-13 PAT 91-14 PAT 91-15 PAT 91-3GAP PAT 91-4 PAT 91-5 PAT 91-9GAP PAT 92-10 PAT 92-12 PAT 92-1GAP PAT 92-9 PAT 94-2 PAT 94-3 PAT 94-5 PAT 96-1 PAT 98-1 PAT 99B-2A

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Center Ring 1 & 2 Bypassed Pay 12-Horizontal Well Redevelopment Area

Potential CO2 Flood Expansion Patterns

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• Although pay quality is less favorable, significant

OOIP (>500 MMSTBO) exists outside the active

• r currently proposed project areas
• Challenges to developing these patterns include

– Few if any available well bores – Insufficient pay volume to economically justify traditional pattern development

• Potential solutions being evaluated include:

– Multi-stage fracture stimulated horizontal producers and injectors – Including Transition Zone reservoir volumes in recovery forecasts – Identifying areas that water flooded well, indicating they will respond well to CO2 injection

IDEA versus Offset Project Recoveries

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0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.019 0.009 0.074 0.038 0.094 0.053 0.039 0.025 0.025 0.073 0.042 0.032 0.041 0.064 0.037 0.037 0.024 0.009 0.004 0.050 0.035 0.043 0.098 0.078 0.043 0.010 0.002 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.009 0.034 0.029 0.023 0.025 0.009 0.016 0.005 0.031 0.062 0.027 0.034 0.013 0.012 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.013 0.018 0.010 0.194 0.153 0.030 0.016 0.010 0.012 0.071 0.077 0.039 0.061 0.032 0.009 0.014 0.033 0.033 0.040 0.057 0.019 0.030 0.057 0.035 0.020 0.005 0.052 0.056 0.029 0.023 0.047 0.057 0.017 0.035 0.055 0.069 0.087 0.035 0.060 0.105 0.073 0.099 0.069 0.081 0.107 0.104 0.096 0.058 0.067 0.065 0.032 0.047 0.040 0.040 0.024 0.013 0.065 0.122 0.051 0.050 0.037 0.005

P1A P1B

PA PAT 18-4M PAT 18-6A PAT 18-6M PAT 18-7M PAT 22-5 PAT 22-6 PAT 23-1 PAT 23-2 PAT 24-1 PAT 24-3 PAT 24-4 PAT 24-8 PAT 25-1 PAT 25-2A PAT 25-3 PAT 25-4 PAT 26-1A PAT 26-2A PAT 26-3AL PAT 26-3AS PAT 26-4A PAT 26-5 PAT 26-6 PAT 26-7A PAT 26-8 PAT 27-1A PAT 27-2A PAT 27-3A PAT 27-4 PAT 27-5A PAT 27-6A PAT 27-7A PAT 27-8A PAT 27-8B PAT 28-1A PAT 28-2A PAT 28-3A PAT 28-4 PAT 28-5A PAT 28-6A PAT 28-7A PAT 28-7B PAT 28-8A PAT 28-8B PAT 29-1 PAT 29-2 PAT 29-3 PAT 29-4 PAT 29-5 PAT 29-6 PA PAT 29 PAT 30-1 PAT 30-11A PAT 30 PAT 30-13 PAT 30-1 PAT 30-2A PAT 30-2B PAT 30-6 PAT 30-8 PAT 32-14 PAT PAT PAT 32-24AL PAT 32-24AS PAT 32-3A PAT 32-3B PAT 32-4A PAT 32-4B PAT 32-5AL PAT 32-5AS PAT 32-9A PAT 33-10 PAT 33-1AL PAT 33-1AS PAT 33-1B PAT 33-2 PAT 33-2A PAT 33-3A PAT 33-3B PAT 33-4 PAT 33-5A PAT 33-5B PAT 33-7A PAT 33-7B PAT 33-9 PAT 34-5 PAT 34-6A PAT 34-7A PAT 34-8 PAT 34-8A PAT 34-8B PAT 35-1 PAT 35-2A PAT 35-3 PAT 35-3A PAT 35-4A PAT 35-4BL PAT 35-4BS PAT 36-A1 PAT 36-B2A PAT 36-C3A PAT 36-D4 PAT 36-D4A PAT 36-D4B PAT 37-1 PAT 37-11 PAT 37-11A PAT 37-11B PAT 37-2A PAT 37-3A PAT 38-1A PAT 38-2 PAT 38-3A PAT 38-4 PAT 39-2A PAT 39-3A PAT 39-4 PAT 39-9 PAT 40-1A PAT 40-2 PAT 40-3A PAT 40-4A PAT 40-5 PAT 40-6 PAT 40-7 PAT 40-8 PAT 41-1 PAT 41-2

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PAT 42-1

• 3

PAT 43-1

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PAT 49-1 PAT 49-2A PAT 49-3A PAT 49-4A PAT 49-5A PAT 49-6A PAT 49-7 PAT 49-8 PAT 55-1A PAT 55-2A PAT 55-3AL PAT 55-3AS PAT 55-4A PAT 58-1A PAT 58-2A PAT 59-1 PAT 59-1A PAT 59-2A PAT 59-3A PAT 62-15 PAT 62-1A PAT 62-1B PAT 62-3A PAT 62-8

IDEA Pattern recoveries to date are around 3% higher than in offset areas Although initially plagued by CO2 breakthrough problems, the combination

• f 10-acre infill drilling

polymer gel and specialized cement squeeze treatments may have resulted in high efficiency patterns

Some improved recovery due to targeting geologically isolated “Green Zone” Pinchouts Additional infill wells have been recommended

Summary

• CO2 flooding has presented SACROC’s operators with engineering

challenges since 1972

• Focused CO2 flood development projects, injecting large pore volumes
• f CO2 of 80-100% of the HCPV, have resulted in significant

incremental EOR

• Mitigating heterogeneity issues through the innovative application of

polymer, cementing, and horizontal well technologies has been critical to CO2 flood performance success

• Continued CO2 flood development of the lower permeability bypassed

pay and reservoir around the edges, along with focused vertical/horizontal infill drilling applications within existing flood areas, will challenge SACROC engineers & geoscientists for many years to come

Big fields keep getting bigger!

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