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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333803251 PRESENTATION: Recent advances in environmental science research at Oglala Lakota College Presentation April 2014 DOI:

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333803251

PRESENTATION: Recent advances in environmental science research at Oglala Lakota College

Presentation · April 2014

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31708.64647

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2 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Surface and subsurface transport pathways for toxic heavy metal contamination in northwestern Nebraska and adjacent parts of South Dakota. View project Geologic mapping and lithostratigraphic revision, O'Neill 1 x 2 USGS Quadangle, Nebraska View project Hannan LaGarry Council for Responsible Mining

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RECENT ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AT OGLALA LAKOTA COLLEGE

Hannan E. LaGarry and Alessandra Higa

Department of Math, Science, & Technology, Oglala Lakota College

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Pine Ridge Reservation

OGLALA LAKOTA COLLEGE and the PINE RIDGE RESERVATION

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4-YEAR, ESTABLISHED IN 1970 MA, BS, BSW, AA, AA/RN, AAS DEGREES STUDENTS (~1600 in 2013-2014)

90% Native American, 60% Female, 50% Non-traditional

DECENTRALIZED DELIVERY

67 non-tenured faculty, 95 adjuncts Piya Wiconi Administrative Center (offices, library, laboratories) College Centers (9) on Pine Ridge Reservation College Center on Cheyenne River Reservation College Center in Rapid City, SD

ACCREDITATION

Higher Learning Commission NCACS

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ESTABLISHED IN 1999 DEGREES

AA Life Sciences (pre-medicine) AA Science, Engineering, & Math (pre-engineering) AAS & BS Information Technology BS Natural Science (Conservation Biology, Earth Science)

STUDENTS

90 declared majors, 18 paid interns (2013-2014)

FACULTY

6 Teaching Faculty (full-time instruction) 5 Research Staff (half-time instruction) 2 Outreach Staff (part time instruction) 4 Support Staff (part-time instruction) 10 Adjuncts (part-time instruction)

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DEPARTMENT OF MATH, SCIENCE, & TECHNOLOGY Piya Wiconi Administrative Campus

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CONSTRUCTIVISM

Creating knowledge while exploring the world through meaningful (research) experiences

Bodner (1986) Kroll (2004) Bodner & others (2001) Latour (2003) Coburn (1993) Lucero (2006) Coburn (1996) Phillips (1995) Duit & Treagust (1995) Speed (1991) Gijbels & others (2005) Stauffacher & others (2006) Gordon (2009) Strommen & Lincoln (1992) Hay & Barab (2001) Terwell (1999)

(And yet we’re still objective empirical reductionists…)

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SO WHAT DOES THAT LOOK LIKE FOR US?

(since realigning the science curriculum in 2008)

PLACE-BASED

Research on reservation and vicinity establishes local expertise

SELF-SELECTED

Promotes continued engagement and personal responsibility

SERVICE LEARNING & RESEARCH

Establishes relevance and promotes program visibility

CULTURAL PRESERVATION

Maintains focus on OLC Vision and Lakota worldview

NON-ABANDONMENT

Demonstrates departmental commitment and promotes completion

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LOWER DIVISION CLASSES

GENERAL STUDIES CLASSES

Basic content knowledge Theoretical background

100-LEVEL CLASSES

Survey of OLC MST research programs Recruitment tool for OLC MST degrees

200-LEVEL CLASSES

emphasize the scientific method technical writing guided research experience

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UPPER DIVISION CLASSES

300-LEVEL CLASSES

Project-based assignments Mentor-selected research projects In-house dissemination

400-LEVEL CLASSES

Research-oriented assignments Self-selected research projects Professional dissemination (abstracts & papers)

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UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

CAPSTONE SEQUENCE

NSci 273 Scientific Writing NSci 393 Research Methods NSci 493 Senior Research

IN PRACTICAL, SIMPLE TERMS

1) Pick a research topic that you like and find interesting 2) Meet with a mentor to get started and for continued guidance 3) Internships aren’t required, but get one if you can 4) Pick your classes and spin their work towards your research 5) Spend as much time in the field or lab as you can 6) Go to meetings and present as often as you can 7) If you change your mind, repeat 1-2 8) STAY BUSY!

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GENERAL EDUCATION CORE NSci 273 SCIENCE WRITING NSci 393 RESEARCH METHODS NSci 493 SENIOR RESEARCH NATURAL SCIENCE CORE 100 LEVEL 100 LEVEL 200 LEVEL 200 LEVEL 400 LEVEL 300 LEVEL 300 LEVEL 400 LEVEL

Conservation Biology electives Earth Science electives

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in NATURAL SCIENCE

OLC MST’s RESEARCH-BASED CURRICULUM

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EXTERNAL FUNDING

2009 NSF TCUP Phase III (Tinant & LaGarry) 2009 NSF SD EPSCoR RII T1 (LaGarry) 2009 NIH SD BRIN (Sandoval) 2010 NSF PEEC (Tinant & LaGarry) 2011 USDA NIFA TRP (Higa) 2012 NSF RIG (Higa) 2012 NASA SD EPSCoR Wireless (Dudek) Among others (19 total)

(works out to about $1.5 M per year on average)

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INFRASTRUCTURE

GIS Laboratory with computers, scanners, and plotters 2 High-Capacity Sun Computer Workstations Atomic Absorption Mass Spectrometer (acetylene flame) Atomic Absorption Mass Spectrometer (graphite furnace) ICP Emission Photospectrometer (housed at SDSU) X-Ray Diffractometer Hand-held and Benchtop X-Ray Flourospectrometers High Performance Liquid Chromatograph Ion Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer Microbiology Laboratory with Autoclaves and Incubators Geoprobe with Field Laboratory Trailer LiDAR Camera and Portable Power Supplies Tribal Specimen Repository and Natural History Collections 2 4WD Field Vehicles and an ATV w/Trailer And all the field notebooks we could possibly want

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PRE-ENGINEERING

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CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

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EARTH SCIENCE

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CHEMISTRY

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CULTURAL RESOURCES

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DISSEMINATION RATES

(since the start of longitudinal tracking)

4 8 12 16 2010 2011 2012 2013 (so far) PRESENTATIONS PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS PAPERS

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GRADUATION RATES

(since the start of longitudinal tracking)

4 7 11 14 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

BS AA/AAS

REALIGNMENT NSF GRF

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SINCE 2008…

GRADUATES

13 students graduated from our AA programs 22 students graduated from BS programs 67% matriculation rate (46% OLC as a whole)

PLACEMENT OF BS GRADUATES

21 of 22 (96%) in graduate school or workforce 5 of 22 (23%) currently in graduate school 16 of 22 (73%) currently in the workforce 11 of 16 (69%) employed on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Data from NSF TCUP III YR Annual Report 7/15/2013

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2012-2014

Chadron State College Oglala Lakota College South Dakota School of Mines University of Illinois University of Wisconsin University of Michigan South Dakota State University

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AFTER GATHERING PILOT DATA (2008-2011)

  • Types of natural contaminants
  • Distributions of natural contaminants
  • Contaminant movement pathways
  • Risks to Reservation communities
  • Impacts on Reservation communities
  • Available means of mitigation

QUESTIONS

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CHERRY CO. Springs

Custer Scenic Interior White River

18 79

Pine Ridge Martin Wounded Knee Harrison Crawford Merriman

73 73 20 SHANNON CO. BENNETT CO.

Niobrara River

385

Chadron Fort Robinson

79

Oelrichs Ardmore

18 Hot

Whiteclay

EXPLANATION

Precambrian undifferentiated Cretaceous undifferentiated White River Group undiff. Arikaree Group undifferentiated Ogallala Group undifferentiated Fault (ball on downthrown side) Quaternary eolian deposits Major throughflowing river

MAP AREA

SDSU TUD UWW IWL OLC/SDSMT CSC

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OPEN-PIT URANIUM MINE SE OF EDGEMONT, SD

~2,200 in South Dakota and adjacent states

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TEST MAP FINAL FIELD MAP

FIELD OBSERVATIONS

bedrock exposures surficial deposits soils & buried soils paleontology archeology

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

(TRANSCRIBED & DIGITIZED)

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OPEN-PIT URANIUM MINE SE OF EDGEMONT, SD

YELLOW CAKE AT THE LAND SURFACE

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OPEN-PIT URANIUM MINE SE OF EDGEMONT, SD

Characterization of seepage begun in 2012

  • pen pit

waste pile

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Uranium movement 40-38 Ma

Terry & LaGarry (1998) Raymond & others (1976)

URANIUM

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STRATA EXPOSED AT SURFACE

  • nr. Oglala, South Dakota

Uranium Selenium Arsenic

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HIGH PLAINS AQUIFER ALONG GRASS CREEK nr. MANDERSON Uranium also present, along with barium

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Joanita Kant (2013) dissertation

Uranium Arsenic Selenium Barium

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Monroe Creek beds ARIKAREE FORT ROBINSON BEDS

WATER MOVEMENT ALONG FAULTS

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FAULTS NEAR CHADRON, NEBRASKA

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FAULTS NEAR CHADRON, NEBRASKA

Black Hills tectonism continuous through the present day

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FAULTS NEAR PINE RIDGE, SOUTH DAKOTA

Mapping uranium in surface and subsurface

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SURFACE WATER TESTS

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All values in ppb (MCL 30) OST & others (unpublished data)

Summer 2011 U235 U238 Sample # Sample ID ICP-MS ICP-MS 6-24 7B Sample taken from "Alkali Creek" bed 25.60533 24.37022 6-26 9 Wounded Knee Museum. Well water from hose 5.578667 5.327889 6-21 2A Water sample from S side of road 65.05278 60.57933 6-22 5 Janis Creek 56.76756 53.67711 6-24 7A Sample from stock tank (Sando's Farm) 37.44211 35.88522 6-22 4 Downstream from the confluence of Janis and White R. 6.863667 6.615333 6-24 6A Sandos farm spring. 9.897222 9.199889 6-24 6B Sandos farm well 8.600222 8.061 dig blank 0.035778 0.018 63.81956 58.50533 0.724778 0.691 5.453111 5.128778 0.519444 0.518 5.858 5.620444 54.51544 51.27533 0.391222 0.360667

  • 0.00556
  • 0.00733
  • 0.00522
  • 0.00744

Drainage NR Denby Dam Field Blank Digestion Blank Calvin Test 10-4 Denby Wetland 10-5 Hot hose tank water/wakpamni Denby Reservoir 10-5 Bravehart 10-5 Lemon Ranch 10-4 (S of Whitney, NE of Crow Butte Uranium Mine)

CONTAMINANT PATHWAY CONFIRMED

Sandoz Ranch-Whiteclay Fault

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CHERRY CO. Springs

Custer Scenic Interior White River

18 79

Pine Ridge Martin Wounded Knee Harrison Crawford Merriman

73 73 20 SHANNON CO. BENNETT CO.

Niobrara River

385

Chadron Fort Robinson

79

Oelrichs Ardmore

18 Hot

Whiteclay

EXPLANATION

Precambrian undifferentiated Cretaceous undifferentiated White River Group undiff. Arikaree Group undifferentiated Ogallala Group undifferentiated Fault (ball on downthrown side) Quaternary eolian deposits Major throughflowing river

MAP AREA

Raymond & others (1976)

Communities impacted by surface contamination

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URANIUM in the SUBSURFACE

Swinehart & others (1985)

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CHERRY CO. Springs

Custer Scenic Interior White River

18 79

Pine Ridge Martin Wounded Knee Harrison Crawford Merriman

73 73 20 SHANNON CO. BENNETT CO.

Niobrara River

385

Chadron Fort Robinson

79

Oelrichs Ardmore

18 Hot

Whiteclay

EXPLANATION

Precambrian undifferentiated Cretaceous undifferentiated White River Group undiff. Arikaree Group undifferentiated Ogallala Group undifferentiated Fault (ball on downthrown side) Quaternary eolian deposits Major throughflowing river

MAP AREA

Communities impacted by subsurface contamination

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AFTER PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS

Uranium not confined to Chamberlain Pass Fm.

  • Yellow Mounds Paleosol major source
  • High Plains Aquifer contaminated

Uranium not sole contaminant

  • 16 Accesory minerals
  • Arsenic, selenium, barium

Contaminants ubiquitous in water, soil, plants

  • Most exceed established maximums
  • Potential filter systems being tested
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PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS

Black Hills uplift continuous

  • New contaminant pathways expected
  • One expected pathway confirmed

Communities at risk from surface contamination

  • 4 on Reservation (so far)
  • 3 in Nebraska and South Dakota (so far)

Communities at risk from subsurface contamination

  • 8 on Reservation (so far)
  • 1 alternate water supply operational
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GOING FORWARD

Isotopic

  • Continue inventory of strata/contaminants
  • Isotopic signatures and distributions
  • Confirmation of known pathways
  • Discover additional faults/pathways
  • Continuous monitoring at borders
  • Continue testing filters and alternative sources
  • Health impacts of water, air, soil
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

National Science Foundation Oglala Sioux Tribe President’s Office Oglala Sioux Tribe Land Office OST Natural Resources Regulation Agency OST Tribal Historical Preservation Office Oglala Sioux Parks & Recreation Authority Black Hills State University South Dakota School of Mines & Technology South Dakota State University

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