Pregnancy Failure Equine The Mare many nonlesion lesions no - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Pregnancy Failure Equine The Mare many nonlesion lesions no - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

May 12, 2023 283 likes •644 views

Pregnancy Failure Equine The Mare many nonlesion lesions no placental reserve loose cervix Normal uterus Postpartum uterus Pregnant uterus Equine placenta Allantoic surface Expectations - Kentucky No diagnosis 16

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SLIDE 1

Pregnancy Failure

Equine

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SLIDE 2

The Mare

 many ‘nonlesion’ lesions  no placental reserve  ‘loose’ cervix

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SLIDE 3

Normal uterus

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SLIDE 4

Postpartum uterus

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SLIDE 5

Pregnant uterus

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SLIDE 6

Equine placenta

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SLIDE 7

Allantoic surface

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Expectations - Kentucky

 No diagnosis 16  Noninfectious 47

 Dystocia/trauma

19

 congenital defects

10

 placental edema

7

 twins

6

 cord abnormality

3

 body pregnancy

2

 Infectious 37

 Bacteria

18

 Placentitis

10

 EHV

4

 Leptospirosis

2

 Fungal

2

 Nocardia

1

Giles et at 1993, Causes of abortion, stillbirth and perinatal death in horses. 3,527 cases.

JAVMA 203: 1170-1175

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SLIDE 9

Nonlesion lesions

 Avillous regions

 cervical star  chorioallantoic pouch  insertion of cord

 Allantoic pouches  Yolk sac remnant  Hippomane

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SLIDE 10

Postpartum cervical star

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SLIDE 11

Nonlesion lesions

 Avillous regions

 cervical star  chorioallantoic pouch  Insertion of cord

 Allantoic pouches  Yolk sac remnant  Hippomane

Endometrial cups

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SLIDE 12

Nonlesion lesions

 Avillous regions

 cervical star  chorioallantoic pouch  Insertion of cord

 Allantoic pouches  Yolk sac remnant  Hippomane

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SLIDE 13

Nonlesion lesions

 Avillous regions

 cervical star  chorioallantoic pouch  insertion of cord

 Allantoic pouches  Yolk sac remnant  Hippomane

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SLIDE 14

Nonlesion lesions

 Avillous regions

 cervical star  chorioallantoic pouch  chorionic fold

 Allantoic pouches  Yolk sac remnant  Hippomane

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SLIDE 15

Nonlesion lesions

 Avillous regions

 cervical star  chorioallantoic pouch  chorionic fold

 Allantoic pouches  Yolk sac remnant  Hippomane

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SLIDE 16

Fetal lesions

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Abnormalities

Fetus

 Dystocia  Congenital anomalies  Thyroid hyperplasia and musculoskeletal disease  Lesions of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)  fibrin cast in trachea  interstitial pneumonia  focal necrosis on liver  prominent lymphoid follicles in spleen

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SLIDE 18

Fetal Abnormalities

 Fetus

 Dystocia  Congenital anomalies  Musculoskeletal disease and Thyroid hyperplasia  Lesions of Equine alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)  fibrin cast in trachea  interstitial pneumonia  focal necrosis on liver  prominent lymphoid follicles in spleen

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SLIDE 19

Congenital abnormalities

Schistosomus reflexus

Schism – division Soma – body

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SLIDE 20

Abnormalities

 Fetus

 Dystocia  Congenital anomalies  Musculoskeletal Disease and Thyroid Hyperplasia  Lesions of Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)  fibrin cast in trachea  interstitial pneumonia  focal necrosis on liver  prominent lymphoid follicles in spleen

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SLIDE 21

Musculoskeletal disease and thyroid hyperplasia

 Variety of skeletal abnormalites

 Limb deformities  Arthrogryposis  Osteopetrosis

 Microscopic hyperplasia  Poor feeds nitrite/nitrate

Arthros – joint, gryposis – abnormal curvature, Osteo – bone, petros - rock

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SLIDE 22

Abnormalities

 Fetus

 Dystocia  Congenital anomalies  Musculoskeletal disease and thyroid hyperplasia  Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV)  fibrin cast in trachea  interstitial pneumonia  focal necrosis on liver  prominent lymphoid follicles in spleen

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SLIDE 23

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1

Interstitial pneumonia Focal hepatic necrosis

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SLIDE 24

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1

Fibrin cast in trachea

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SLIDE 25

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)

Focal hepatic necrosis

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Placental abnormalities

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Cord Abnormalities

 too short <36 cm  too long >83 cm

 placental infarct  torsion  strangulation

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SLIDE 28

Cord abnormalities - torsion

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SLIDE 29

Reduced placental reserve – Avillus regions

 Avillus regions

 twinning  premature separation  body pregnancy

 Placentitis

 Ascending infection

Twinning

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SLIDE 30

Reduced placental reserve – avillus regions

 Avillus regions

 twins  premature separation

 body pregnancy

 Placentitis

 Ascending infection

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SLIDE 31

Reduced placental reserve - Placentitis

 Avillus regions

 twins  premature separation  body pregnancy

 Placentitis

 Ascending infection  Streptococcus zooepidemicus

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SLIDE 32

Regionally important

 Fescue endophyte mycotoxicosis

 Neotyphodium coenophialum  Kentucky and southern Ontario!  Ergot alkaloids (vasoactive and prolactin)  Hyperthermia  Placental edema and thickening  Dysmaturity  Prolonged gestation

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SLIDE 33

Endophyte toxicosis

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SLIDE 34

‘Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome’ and ‘Equine Amnionitis and fetal loss’

 2001 and 2002 foaling season  Early fetal loss (>day 40) – about day 80  Peak about May 7th  Link to Processionary Caterpillars

 Eastern Tent Caterpillar (exoskeleton)

 Increased evidence of fetal sepsis and ‘amnionitis’.  Hairs (setae) penetrate intestine, uterus and placenta – endotoxemia/bacteremia

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SLIDE 35

Kentucky

 No diagnosis 16  Noninfectious 47

 Dystocia/trauma

19

 congenital defects

10

 placental edema

7

 twins

6

 cord abnormality

3

 body pregnancy

2

 Infectious 37

 Bacteria

18

 Placentitis

10

 EHV-1

4

 Leptospirosis

2

 Fungal

2

 Nocardia

1 Giles et al. Causes of abortion, stillbirth and perinatal death in

  • horses. 3,527 cases. JAVMA 1993; 203: 1170-1175