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Precision Atomic Optics at the IQ - Perspectives in applied & fundamental sciences AG Wolfgang Ertmer Institut fr Quantenoptik, Hannover Leibniz Universitt Hannover II nd generation atom optical experiments Heritage of PHARAO/ACES

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SLIDE 1

Precision Atomic Optics at the IQ

  • Perspectives in

applied & fundamental sciences

AG Wolfgang Ertmer Institut für Quantenoptik, Hannover Leibniz Universität Hannover

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SLIDE 2

IInd generation atom optical experiments Heritage of PHARAO/ACES project dedicated to inertial atomic quantum sensors Lense-Thirring effect Test of the equivalence principle On the horizon: Optical clock works (1999/2000) Lattice clock (2001)

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SLIDE 3

IQ - Quantum Sensors

Quantum Matter Inertial Quantum Probes Optical Clocks

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SLIDE 4

Magnesium Opt. Clock

Mg frequency standard From microwaves to

  • ptical frequencies

1010 Hz → 1015Hz

H, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ag, Yb, Hg, …

Candidates

18

−

≈ ∆ 10 ν ν

What will be the „best“ atom What will be the „best“ clock Criteria ? What to be tested ? Diversity of Clocks

Sterr et al., Appl. Phys. B 54, 341 (1992)

  • J. Keupp, et al., High-resolution atom interferometry in the optical domain, E.J. Physics D, Highlight

Paper (2002)

Instability 8·10-14 Q =2.3*1012

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SLIDE 5

Clock Techniques

Oscillator Atomic Reference

Feedback Interrogation

Clock work

Narrow Atomic Transition

1mHz - 100 Hz @ 1010-1015Hz

Atom-optical Techniques & Lasers for

Cooling & Trapping, Preparation, Detection

Frequency-stable, compact, reliable Lasers

Monolithic solid state & Fibre lasers

Cavities and Optics

Mechanical Design, Miniaturisation & Fibres

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SLIDE 6

1st measurement of

  • 180000
  • 120000
  • 60000
  • 7000

7000

Y Axis Title X Axis Title

σ(τ=1)=2,2*10

  • 12

Frequency Signal

655.660.083.836 kHz +/- 3 kHz

Precision £ 10-11 Evaluation ongoing 2nd order Doppler shift ~1.5 kHz

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841

mit B-Feld wie immer umgepoltes B-Feld
  • hne
B-Feld Phasenplatte phi = 0 ~63% weniger Leistung ! ~30% bis 42% weniger Leistung !

f (blau) in kHz messung

Di. Do.

hin u. rück nicht gut überlappt

the Mg frequency 1S0→3P1

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SLIDE 7

Systematics

18

−

≈ ∆ 10 ν ν

  • M. Takamoto et al., Nature, 435, 321 (2005)
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SLIDE 8

Mg- optical clock

Narrow to ultra-narrow transition "Magic" wave length dipole trap (1S0→3P0: 465 nm) Higher order effects ? Reasonable abundance of fermionic and bosonic isotopes 24,25,26 Mg Low black-body shift (10-16) Simple electronic structure- easy to model Semi-conductor laser + Frequency Doubling Fast and efficient laser cooling U U U U U U

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SLIDE 9

Mg- optical clock

Narrow to ultra-narrow transition "Magic" wave length dipole trap (1S0→3P0: 465 nm) Higher order effects ? Reasonable abundance of fermionic and bosonic isotopes 24,25,26Mg Low black-body shift (10-16) Simple electronic structure- easy to model Semi-conductor laser + Frequency Doubling Fast and efficient laser cooling U U U U U U

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SLIDE 10

Cooling strategies

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SLIDE 11

Coherent 2-Photon Cooling

  • stimulated by W. C. Magno, R. L. Cavasso, and F. C. Cruz,
  • Phys. Rev. A 67, (2003)
  • Coherent effects of high relevance in magnesium

→ also observed by N. Malossi et al., Phys. Rev. A 72, (2005)

C2PC - a simple avenue to µicroKelvin

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SLIDE 12

C2PC ctd.

80 MHz 285 nm

31D2 Verlust 33P1,2 31S0 31P1

2 MHz 881 nm 80 MHz 285 nm

31D2 Verlust 33P1,2 31S0 31P1

2 MHz 881 nm

31D2 Verlust 33P1,2 31S0 31P1

2 MHz 881 nm

1-D Configuration

Velocity selective Switch for the photon pressure loss

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SLIDE 13

C2PC ctd.

80 MHz 285 nm

31D2 Verlust 33P1,2 31S0 31P1

2 MHz 881 nm 80 MHz 285 nm

31D2 Verlust 33P1,2 31S0 31P1

2 MHz 881 nm

31D2 Verlust 33P1,2 31S0 31P1

2 MHz 881 nm Heating

  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 6

  • 40000
  • 20000

20000 40000 v[m/s] F/m [m/s2] Cooling Heating

  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 6

  • 40000
  • 20000

20000 40000 v[m/s] F/m [m/s2] Cooling

kBTDopp=D/α

loss

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SLIDE 14

C2PC ctd.

  • K. Moldenhauer, M. Riedmann, N. Rehbein, J. Friebe, E.M. Rasel and W. Ertmer, IQ, Leibniz

Universität Hannover; T.E. Mehlstäubler, SYRTE, Paris " First observation of sub Doppler temperatures in magnesium, in prep. for subm. to PRL

C2PC - a simple extension of Doppler cooling Accessible temperatures ~200 µK Fast cooling scheme: 1-2 ms Technical heating of UV-MOT influences also C2PC Bridges temperature gap for Quench cooling

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SLIDE 15

Avenue below µK

  • N. Rehbein et al., "Quenching metastable magnesium" sub. to Phys. Rev. A
  • T. Binnewies, G. Wilpers, U. Sterr, F. Riehle, J. Helmcke, PTB;
  • T. E. Mehlstäubler, E. M. Rasel, W. Ertmer, IQ, Leibniz Universität Hannover, "Doppler cooling and

trapping on forbidden transitions", Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, p. 123002, 2001. T.E. Mehlstäubler, J. Keupp, A. Doulliet, N. Rehbein, E.M.Rasel and W. Ertmer, J.O.B 5, p.183 (2003)

3 2 23 2

Γ Ω + Γ = Γeff

Quench Cooling –only efficient for cold atoms below the Doppler temperature Laser Cooling in dipole traps operated at magic wavelength

MHz 3

3 ≈

γ

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SLIDE 16

IQ - Quantum Sensors

Quantum Matter Inertial Quantum Probes Optical Clocks

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SLIDE 17

free falling proof masses … guiding the satellite (laboratory system)

Read out of distance or relative motion by

  • ptical means,

capacitive measurements, or magnetometers

Inertial sensing

Using atoms as microscopic perfect test masses

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SLIDE 18
  • Inertial standards/references
  • Earth Observation
  • Measurement of relativistic effects & gravity
  • Pioneer anomaly
  • Testing the Weak Equivalence Principle
  • Drag-free sensors

perhaps in gravitational wave detectors ?

Fields of Interest:

Atomic Quantum Sensors

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SLIDE 19

Gravity Probe B VLBI 10-8 – 10-9 rad in 24 h 10-9 rad / 1 year 10-10 – 10-11 rad/s vHz-1 The Earth‘s rotation: ΩE ˜ 7,2·10-5 rad/s Ringlaser

Rotation sensing

  • tide forces
  • earth rotation
  • seismics
  • relativistic effects
  • variation of earth rotation
  • galactic rotation

10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-3 10-2 10-1 10-0 10-11 10-12

E E Ω

∆Ω /

HYPER Wettzell

Kasevich Gyro GOM SYRTE

  • ur goal (single shot)
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SLIDE 20

different application for interferometer using atoms:

  • small device portable sensor
  • inertial sensitivity in 3 dimensions

2x10-9 6x10-10 9x10-11 sensitivity [rad.s-1Hz-1/2] 25mm2 26mm2 16m2 area 15 200 400 length [cm] CASI (cold Rb-atoms) Stanford (thermal Cs- atoms) Wettzell (light)

z y x , ,

Ω

[B. Canuel, F. Leduc, A. Clairon, Ch.Bordé and A. Landragin, Phys.Rev.Lett. 97, 010402 (2006) ]

Comparison

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SLIDE 21

Rotational induced Phase shift:

Gain by de Broglie-Wellen : ∼ 1011

for Light : for Atoms :

Sagnac Effect

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SLIDE 22

Cold 87Rb

Sagnac Interferometer

Interferometer MOT 1 π/2 π π/2

15 cm 3 mm

A

Preparation Detection MOT 2

  • C. Jentsch, T. Müller, E. Rasel, and W. Ertmer, Gen. Rel. Grav, 36, 2197 (2004)

& Adv. At. Mol. Physics

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SLIDE 23

3D-MOT moving molasses 2D-MOT atomic source 2 detection interferometer preparation

Source 1 Source 2

Cold Atom Sagnac Interferometer

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SLIDE 24

C1 = 24% C2 = 22% T = 1ms, τ = 7,5µs

π/2 π π/2

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45

C1 C2 transition probability phase [rad]

100 200 300 400

  • 0,05

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

transition probability pulselength [µs]

Dual interferometer

Laser

|g, pat〉 |g, pat〉 |e, pat+ k〉 |g, pat〉 |e, pat+ k〉 |g, pat〉

L

k r

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SLIDE 25

Intense Atomic Sources

500 1000 1500 2000 0,0 5,0x10

8

1,0x10

9

1,5x10

9

2,0x10

9

3D-MOT atom number [ms]

Loading rate into 3D-MOT: 5,6*10 At/s

9

  • T. Müller, T. Wendrich, M. Gilowski, C. Jentsch, E.M.Rasel and W. Ertmer, "

"Versatile compact sources for high resolution dual atom interferometry" in prep. for Phys. Rev. A

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SLIDE 26

Laser light for MOT Ion pumps Glass cell MOT coils Laser light for dipole trap Holder for glass cell and 2D- MOT coils and mount for telescopes 50 cm Titanium sublimation pumps Rb and K dispensers

All-optical source

for degenerate matter

  • C. Klempt, T. van Zoest, T. Henninger, O. Topic, E. Rasel, J. Arlt, W. Ertmer;

Phys Rev A 73, 013410, (2006)

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SLIDE 27

Advantages of µ-gravity

  • Extended Time of Evolution
  • Perturbation-free Evolution
  • No need to compensate gravity /

to levitate the atoms

EXTENDED PARAMETER RANGE

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SLIDE 28

IQ - Quantum Sensors

Quantum Matter Inertial Quantum Probes Optical Clocks

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SLIDE 29

Pilotproject QUANTUS

Inertial Sensors Atom Lasers & Quantum matter Ultra-cold atoms ~ T2

Pilotproject „QUANTUS“

atom optic components for space

  • large, shallow traps
  • giant de Broglie waves
  • de Broglie resonators
  • constant de Broglie

waves

Atomic clocks

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SLIDE 30

Implementation

Free Fall: up to 9 sec Duration > 1 BEC-Experiment 3 flights per day Test of a robust BEC Facilities Dimensions < 0.6 ∅ x 1.5 m < 234 kg Height 110 m

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SLIDE 31

QUANTUS

pumps µ-metal shielding Battery pack Laser DC-DC transformer Computer control

The QUANTUS Team, Bose-Einstein condensates in microgravity, Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2359-y

286 cm

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Status

molasses T~15 µK ~3·106 atoms on the Chip magnetic trap lifetime 2.5 s evaporation works first drops this year interferometry mesoscopic trap → talk by A. Peters

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SLIDE 33

Perspectives

?

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SLIDE 34

Perspectives

B E C

Maiden Flight: 2006- annual flights BEC apparatus 25% of 1 ATV rack µg-quality <10-6g Weight < 100 kg / power << 1000 W Drop tower experiment is a big step in space qualification Early Flight opportunity

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SLIDE 35

Perspectives

Dual Atomic Accelerometer 2 atomic species of 108 atoms < 1µK combined with a drag free proof mass (Pathfinder or ONERA type / optical read out) HYPER orbit Accelerational Sensitivity with 10 8 ats: Space 10-12 g/vHz @ Expansion Time 3 s

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SLIDE 36

The BEC-µg Team

Kai Bongs Wiebke Brinkmann Hansjörg Dittus Wolfgang Ertmer Theodor Hänsch Thorben Könemann Claus Lämmerzahl Wojciech Lewozko Ronald Mairose Gerrit Nandi Achim Peters Peter Prengel Ernst M. Rasel Jakob Reichel Wolfgang Schleich Malte Schmidt Tilo Schuldt Klaus Sengstock Thilo Steinmetz Christian Stenzel Anika Vogel Reinhold Walser Tim van Zoest

DLR 50 WM 0346

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SLIDE 37

Optical Clock based on Magnesium

Present team

  • C. Moldenhauer
  • J. Friebe
  • M. Riedmann

Former team members

  • A. Douillet
  • J. Keupp
  • T. Mehlstäubler → SYRTE (Paris)
  • N. Rehbein
  • H. Stöhr

Cooperation with

  • H. Schnatz
  • B. Lipphardt
  • G. Grosche

The Mg-Team

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SLIDE 38

Inertial Quantum Probes

Present team

  • M. Gilovski
  • T. Müller
  • T. Wendrich

Former team members

  • C. Jentsch

Cooperation with SYRTE & Univ. Florence

The CASI Team

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SLIDE 39

Quantum Matter

Present team T.v. Zoest (QUANTUS)

  • M. Zaiser (ATLAS)

Cooperation with ZARM-Bremen Humbolt Universität Berlin MPQ/ENS Universität Hamburg Universität Ulm SYRTE Paris IOTA

  • Univ. Florence

The CASI Team

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SLIDE 40

ENOUGH SPACE FOR EXCITING EXPERIMENTS

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