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i +l '' I t r'i I I PROPOSED EXXON RESEARCH PROGRAlvl TO : I t HELP ASSESS TtlE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. I I I I I i EDl,lARD A, 6ARVEY I I I HENRY SHAtll t) I,IALLACE S, BROECKER TARO TAKAHASHI l I PRESENTED TO: DR. LESTER I{ACHTA AIR RESOURCES LABORATORY IC AND AT}1 OSPHERIC ADIVI I NATIONAL OCEAN NI STRAT ION tJ IvlARCH 26, 1g7g

PRO6RAI'I 6OAL ,d USE EXXON EXPERTISE AND FACILITIES TO llELP OF A GLOBAL GREEN- DETERIVIINE THE LIKELIIlOOD llOUSE EFFECT v

RATIOl'lALE FOR EXXON INVOLVE14ENT I DEVELOP EXPERTISE TO ASSESS TtlE POSSIBLE IIVI PACT OF TllE GREENHOUSE EFFECT ON EXXON BUSINESS \./ O FORPI RESPONSIBLE TEAI'1 THAT CAN CREDIBLY CARRY BAD NEl^lS, IF ANY, TO THE CORPORATION I PROVIDE THE GOVERNl'lENT l^lITH HIGrl OUALITY INFORIViATION TO REDUCE TllE BUSINESS RISK OF INADECIUATE GOVERNtvlENT POLICY \l O GENERATE IrlPORTANT SCIENTIFIC INFORtvlATION THAT l,{ILL ENHANCE THE EXXON IlvlACE AND PROVIDE PUBLIC RELATIONS VALUE

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The Carbon Cycl e 1 978 Fluxes in Gt/a Pool sizes in Gt / Photosynthes i s 56 Decompos i ti on Gas Exchange 90 25 90 Fuel Combus t i on Res pi ratlon 5 31 Surface l^later 0issolved Carbon t Dead 580 0rganic 12,000 L{vi ng Thermocl lne (Humus ) (7,300 recoverabl e) 0rganl c 0issolved Carbon I 000-3000 Aquat i c 6 ,600 800 Deep lrlater Reacti ve Dissolved Carbon Sediments ,I 3l ,900 I I 400 { ri' Fossil Fuels and Shale Terrestrial Biosphere li I 0ceans ,l 4 :i ;

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PROPOSED PROGRAlvlS FUt'lDING .P.ROGRAlvlS OCEAf'l SAtvlPL I NG PROGRAIVI st TANKER SAt'lPLINC SYSTEtvl D O E / EX X O N DRILLINC SHIP STATION EXXON LAND BIOTA SAfvlPLING PROGRAlvl C-T3 AND C-1'I SAlvlPLING EXXON J l. I I I ; I di I I .l I I I

OBJECTIVES SAIlPLING OCEAN OF COZ FLUX BET}lEEN DETER14 INE AND OCEAN AIR 0 (TRANSFER COEFFICI FLUX = X (DRIVINC FORCE) ENT) DRIVIN € FORCE DETERlvlINED ,-l FROII TANKERS AS A FUNCTI0N 0F c0r COc ' TEIqPERATURE, , tsw LOCATIOI{, ETC.-ATM TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DETERIVIIl'lED ILLING FROf'l DR SHIPS BY TRACER STUDY AS A FUNCT ION OF l^lEATlJER, SEA-STATE, ETC I cR0sscllEcK RATE 0F C0z EXCHANGE ACR0SS TllE AIR- t ,.1 SEA INTERFACE USIN6 C-14 RELEASED DURING ATOIi IC BO14B TESTS AS TRACER I I i i l I t I I

TANKER PROGRAivl TANKERS !\lILL SAl/lPLE CONTINUOUSLY c ATlvl 0SPtl ERIC C0Z T0 t 0,5 pprlv 0 CEAN C0Z T0 t 0,5 ppMV U, t 0,1"c SEA AND AIR TEI\lPERATURE TO RELATIVE HUIVI IDITY BAROllETRIC PRESSURE SALINITY SEAl^lATER pH TANKER l,lILL ALSO SAII PLE SURFACE SEAl^lATER FOR 0 C-1II ON A PERIODIC BASIS ",r' DEPTH THERIVIOf'4ETERS t.lILL BE USED PERIODICALLY c TO DETERf'IINE THE TElvlPERATURE PROFILE OF THE OCEAN ALONG THE TANKER ROUTE I I I i

(CONTINUED) TANKER PROGRA14 TANKER l^lILL BE ABLE TO REPEAT lvlEASUREIVIENTS ALONG 3 A PARTICULAR ROUTE ANYl^lHERE FROf\l 1O TO qO TI14ES PER YEAR DEPENDINC ,/ ON ROUTE LENGTrl AND PETROLEUlv! DEIl AND LL BE EXPANDED FROlvl TANKER PROGRA[I l^l c ONE ROUTE DURING THE FIRST YEAR TO FIVE BY THE THIRD YEAR N TllIS PROGRAII SOI'1E TANKER ROUTES PROPOSED I c t. f. i CROSS AREAS hIII ERE r LITTLE OCEANOGRAPHIC RELATIVELY l^lORK HAS BEEN DONE ,t tr' 0 TllE DATA COLLECTED !^I ILL BE USED TO DETERlnlI I NE PC02 I i L LEVELS ON A REGIONAL AND SEASONAL BASIS IN ) t BOTH t THE ATlvlOSP11ERE AND THE OCEANS t I I

DEEP WATER I,IELLINGS ANO TANKER ROUTES A oooo W /"ta: $bo a 0O o.s .= o o '- a. .qr Equa tor -t - fr'-'=. I . '.s, / I ! ! I t I i I 'oonn otut, I $\ Cfloo*" Tanker Sampling I i ', Tracks

'I 0 - atm. pcoz IN THE SURFACE WATER OF THE ATLAI''ITIC 0CEAN JULY 1972 - MARCH '1973 1) 5: !) l, It @t 12 .?a #,li* 9l lJ AlI Exxon Atlantic tanker routes. ( (

pCOe l0-b atm. I}I THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE PACiFiC OCEAN AUGUST 1973 . JUNE ]974 <3 Xtr Pacific tanker rou tes . Exxon routes *-(: 0ther tanker routes (

I 'l I I .. I I I DRILLING SHIP i PROGRAI'I ! i i I I ll I it I :i I I EXXON CONTRACTED DRILLING SHIPS ARE PRESENTLY 0 EXPLORING lvlANY DEEP l4lATER AREAS AROUND THE I^IORLD i g, i I DRILL IN OCEAN DEPTHS l-lELL OVER I I I lOOO FEET, SOlnlETIIVlES AS I'IUCH AS lr 5OOO FEET I i RElvlAIN IN ONE LOCATION FOR ThlO l. t I I I TO THREE 14ONTHS ! t I l t' I I i; AT THESE DEPTHS, THE OCEAN IS USUALLY WELL t 0 i STRATIFIED, AND IS SUITABLE FOR TRACER GAS t J I I I I STUDY

DRILLINC SllIP PROGRAfVI (COl'lTII.|UED) O t{EASURElvlENT OF SURFACE l^lATER RADON-222 PROFILES AND l,lEATHER DATA CAN BE USED TO DETERII INE THE RATE OF GAS EXCI.IANGE AS A FUNCTION OF l^lIND SPEED *J AND SEA STATE O DEEP l,{ATER SAI'lPLINC CAN ALSO BE PERFOR14ED TO ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDINC OF DEEP OCEAN IXCHANGE 0F c0z, RAD0N-222, AND 0THER cHEtl IcAL TRAcERs uf

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(COllTINUED) YIELDS INFORIVlATION ATII OS P HE R I C C I RCU LAT I ON + Tl.lE VARIATIONS l,lILL HELP DETERfVI INE CLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND bp' I COULD BE A USEFUL CONTRIBUTION TO I I l q THE TRANSIENT TRACES PROGRAlvl NOl^l { I ( I BEGINNING UNDER DOE FUNDINC t I t 0CEAN I C PC0Z f + ltlILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH GLOBAL t F.l I I i SEAl^lATER CIRCULATION PATTERNS t t + BY CROSSIlrlG UPl.lARD AND DOl,{Nl^lARD I li t ADVECTION ZONES THE SEASONAL AND sl I v YEARLY EXCHANCE OF SURFACE AND I DEEP hlATER l,lILL BE 14ONITORED 0CEANIC AND ATPl0SPHERIc eC02 + 1,{ILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE CONCENTRAT-ION GRADIENT ACROSS THE INTERFACE

INFORI'IATION (CONTINUED) YIELDS + THE CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS ACCORDING TO SEASON AND REGION hlILL BE USED TO CENERATE I,I ORE ACCURATE C0z EXCHANGE IvI0DELS \dr' OCEAN TEIVIPERATURE PROFI LFS + }lILL BE USED TO DETERlvlINE TtlE THICKNESS OF THE SURFACE l.lATER LAYER AND ITS VARIATION ACCORDING TO SEASON AND REGION + TII IS l,lILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORII ATION ON OCEAN CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND l,lIND EFFECTS ON vi I OCEAN II IXING i I I I SALINITY I + t.lILL BE UsED TO DEFINE OcEAN I I l^lATER IVIASSES I i + IT IS ALsO USED TO cORREcT THE RAl^l rC02 lvltASUREtt'lENTS