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SLIDE 1

PROPOSED EXXON

HELP ASSESS TtlE

I

RESEARCH PROGRAlvl TO

GREENHOUSE EFFECT.

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EDl,lARD A, 6ARVEY HENRY SHAtll

I,IALLACE S, BROECKER TARO TAKAHASHI PRESENTED TO:

• DR. LESTER I{ACHTA

RESOURCES LABORATORY

IC AND AT}1 OSPHERIC ADIVI I

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STRAT

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NATIONAL

AIR

OCEAN

NI

ION

IvlARCH 26, 1g7g

SLIDE 2

,d PRO6RAI'I 6OAL

DETERIVIINE THE

LIKELIIlOOD USE EXXON EXPERTISE AND FACILITIES TO llELP

OF A GLOBAL GREEN-

llOUSE EFFECT v

SLIDE 3

\./

RATIOl'lALE FOR EXXON INVOLVE14ENT

I DEVELOP EXPERTISE TO ASSESS TtlE POSSIBLE

IIVI PACT OF TllE GREENHOUSE EFFECT ON EXXON

BUSINESS

O FORPI RESPONSIBLE TEAI'1 THAT CAN CREDIBLY

CARRY BAD NEl^lS, IF ANY, TO THE CORPORATION

I PROVIDE THE GOVERNl'lENT l^lITH HIGrl OUALITY

INFORIViATION TO REDUCE TllE BUSINESS RISK OF INADECIUATE GOVERNtvlENT POLICY

O GENERATE IrlPORTANT SCIENTIFIC INFORtvlATION THAT

l,{ILL ENHANCE THE EXXON IlvlACE AND PROVIDE PUBLIC

RELATIONS VALUE

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SLIDE 4

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SLIDE 5

NI'1ON) ION SI 9NIUV31]

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SLIDE 6

The Carbon Cycl e

1 978

Fluxes in Gt/a Pool sizes in Gt

/

Photosynthes i s

56

t

Fuel

Combus t i on 5

Terrestrial Biosphere

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Decompos i ti on 25

Res pi ratlon 31

Gas Exchange

90

90

12,000

(7,300 recoverabl e) L{vi ng

0rganl c

800

Dead

0rganic

(Humus ) I 000-3000

Surface l^later

0issolved Carbon

580 Thermocl lne

0issolved Carbon

6 ,600

Aquat i c Deep lrlater

Dissolved Carbon 3l ,900

Reacti ve Sediments

400

Fossil Fuels and Shale

0ceans

SLIDE 7

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SLIDE 8

PROPOSED PROGRAlvlS OCEAf'l SAtvlPL I NG PROGRAIVI

TANKER SAt'lPLINC SYSTEtvl

DRILLINC SHIP STATION

LAND BIOTA SAfvlPLING PROGRAlvl

.P.ROGRAlvlS FUt'lDING

D O E / EX X O N

EXXON EXXON

st

C-T3 AND C-1'I SAlvlPLING

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SLIDE 9

OBJECTIVES

OF

OCEAN

SAIlPLING

DETER14 INE

FLUX =

COZ FLUX BET}lEEN AND OCEAN

AIR

ENT)

(TRANSFER COEFFICI

X (DRIVINC FORCE)

,-l

DRIVIN€ FORCE DETERlvlINED

FROII TANKERS AS A FUNCTI0N 0F c0r

,

LOCATIOI{, ETC.-ATM

COc '

tsw

STUDY AS A FUNCT

TEIqPERATURE,

TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DETERIVIIl'lED

SHIPS BY TRACER SEA-STATE, ETC I

FROf'l DR

ION OF

ILLING

l^lEATlJER,

t

cR0sscllEcK RATE 0F C0z EXCHANGE ACR0SS TllE AIR-

SEA INTERFACE USIN6 C-14 RELEASED DURING ATOIi IC

BO14B TESTS AS TRACER

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SLIDE 10

TANKER PROGRAivl

c

TANKERS !\lILL SAl/lPLE CONTINUOUSLY

ATlvl 0SPtl ERIC C0Z T0 t 0,5 pprlv 0 CEAN C0Z T0 t 0,5 ppMV

SEA AND AIR TEI\lPERATURE TO RELATIVE HUIVI IDITY BAROllETRIC PRESSURE SALINITY

SEAl^lATER pH

U,

t 0,1"c

c

TANKER l,lILL ALSO SAII PLE SURFACE

C-1II ON A PERIODIC BASIS

SEAl^lATER FOR

",r'

DEPTH THERIVIOf'4ETERS t.lILL BE USED PERIODICALLY

TO DETERf'IINE THE TElvlPERATURE PROFILE OF THE

OCEAN ALONG THE TANKER ROUTE

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SLIDE 11

TANKER

PROGRA14

(CONTINUED)

3

TANKER l^lILL BE ABLE

A PARTICULAR ROUTE

PER YEAR DEPENDINC

DEIl AND

TO REPEAT lvlEASUREIVIENTS ALONG

ANYl^lHERE FROf\l 1O TO qO TI14ES

ON ROUTE LENGTrl AND PETROLEUlv!

,/

c c

TANKER PROGRA[I l^l DURING THE FIRST

LL BE EXPANDED FROlvl

YEAR TO FIVE BY THE ONE ROUTE

THIRD YEAR

SOI'1E TANKER ROUTES

CROSS AREAS hIII ERE l^lORK HAS BEEN DONE PROPOSED I RELATIVELY

N TllIS PROGRAII LITTLE OCEANOGRAPHIC

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0 TllE DATA COLLECTED !^I ILL BE USED TO DETERlnlI

LEVELS ON A REGIONAL AND SEASONAL BASIS IN THE ATlvlOSP11ERE AND THE OCEANS

NE PC02

BOTH

SLIDE 12

DEEP WATER I,IELLINGS ANO TANKER ROUTES

$\

'oonn otut,

Cfloo*"

A oooo

Tanker Sampling

Tracks

$bo

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Equa tor

fr'-'=.

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SLIDE 13

pcoz

'I 0 - atm.

IN THE SURFACE WATER OF

JULY 1972 - MARCH '1973

THE ATLAI''ITIC 0CEAN

1) 5: !) l, It

@t

12 .?a

#,li*

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(

AlI Exxon Atlantic tanker routes.

(

SLIDE 14

pCOe l0-b atm.

I}I THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE PACiFiC OCEAN

AUGUST 1973 . JUNE ]974 <3 Xtr

Exxon routes

( Pacific tanker rou tes . 0ther tanker routes *-(:

SLIDE 15

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DRILLING

SHIP

PROGRAI'I

EXXON CONTRACTED DRILLING SHIPS ARE PRESENTLY EXPLORING lvlANY DEEP l4lATER AREAS AROUND THE

I^IORLD

DRILL IN OCEAN DEPTHS l-lELL OVER

lOOO FEET, SOlnlETIIVlES AS I'IUCH AS

5OOO FEET

RElvlAIN IN ONE LOCATION FOR ThlO

TO THREE 14ONTHS

AT THESE DEPTHS, THE OCEAN IS USUALLY WELL

STRATIFIED, AND IS SUITABLE FOR TRACER GAS

STUDY

g,

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SLIDE 16

*J

DRILLINC SllIP PROGRAfVI (COl'lTII.|UED) O t{EASURElvlENT OF SURFACE l^lATER RADON-222 PROFILES

AND l,lEATHER DATA CAN BE USED TO DETERII INE THE RATE OF GAS EXCI.IANGE AS A FUNCTION OF l^lIND SPEED AND SEA STATE

O DEEP l,{ATER SAI'lPLINC CAN ALSO BE PERFOR14ED TO

ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDINC OF DEEP OCEAN IXCHANGE

0F c0z, RAD0N-222, AND 0THER cHEtl IcAL TRAcERs

uf

SLIDE 17

<./,

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SLIDE 18

INFORIVlATION

YIELDS (COllTINUED)

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sl ATII OS P HE R I C C I RCU LAT I ON

+ Tl.lE VARIATIONS l,lILL HELP DETERfVI INE

CLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND

COULD BE A USEFUL CONTRIBUTION TO

THE TRANSIENT TRACES PROGRAlvl NOl^l BEGINNING UNDER DOE FUNDINC

0CEAN I C PC0Z

+ ltlILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH GLOBAL

SEAl^lATER CIRCULATION PATTERNS

+ BY CROSSIlrlG UPl.lARD AND DOl,{Nl^lARD

ADVECTION ZONES THE SEASONAL AND YEARLY EXCHANCE OF SURFACE AND DEEP hlATER l,lILL BE 14ONITORED

0CEANIC AND ATPl0SPHERIc eC02

+ 1,{ILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE

CONCENTRAT-ION GRADIENT ACROSS

THE INTERFACE

SLIDE 19

INFORI'IATION YIELDS (CONTINUED)

\dr'

+ THE CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS

ACCORDING TO SEASON AND REGION

hlILL BE USED TO CENERATE I,I ORE

ACCURATE C0z EXCHANGE IvI0DELS OCEAN TEIVIPERATURE PROFI LFS

+ }lILL BE USED TO DETERlvlINE TtlE

THICKNESS OF THE SURFACE l.lATER LAYER AND ITS VARIATION ACCORDING

TO SEASON AND REGION

+ TII IS l,lILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL

INFORII ATION ON OCEAN CIRCULATION

PATTERNS AND l,lIND EFFECTS ON OCEAN II IXING

SALINITY

+ t.lILL BE UsED TO DEFINE OcEAN

l^lATER IVIASSES

+ IT IS ALsO USED TO cORREcT

THE RAl^l rC02 lvltASUREtt'lENTS

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SLIDE 22

PROGRA14

RESULTS

AND

BENEFITS

II EANS OF P

ON YEARLY AND OCEAN I

,

A RELAT

HIGHLY

AND REG

SAlvlPLI

SCIENT

OF THE

IVELY INEXPENSIVE

USEFUL INFORII ATION

IONAL ATl{OSPHERIC

INFORllAT

RCULATION

ON ON BOTH

PATTERNS

ON THE FINDINGS AND OTHER PART

ROVIDIl\lG

, SEASONAL

C PROCESSES

ATMOSPHERIC AND

ISSUED JOINTLY

ICIPATIN6 INSTI-

e

IlvlPROVED AIR-OCEAN CARBON EXCHANGE llODEL t

t'

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I ADDITIONAL

OCEANIC CI

REPORTS FROI'I EXXON

l^lITH LAf4ONT-DOHERTY

TUTIONS

G VESSELS l^lILL BE

FIC IVIEASURE14ENTS

CARBON BUDGET OR

AVAILABLE FOR TO ENHANCE OUR

RELATED AREAS ADDITIONAL

UNDERSTANDING

SLIDE 23

THEORY OF

LAND

B I OTA

SAlvlPLING

INCREASE IN

FOSSIL FUEL

ATI\1OSPI-IERIC COlvlBUSTION

coz t\lAY BE DUE To

OR FOREST CLEARINC

t,

• S0URCE 0F

ISOTOPES

c - I3

AND P

c-1rl

coz t4AY BE IDENTIFIED BY CARB0N

IN THE ATIVI OSPlJERE

IS PRESENT IN FOSSIL FUELS

LANTS

IS PRESENT ONLY

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IN PLANTS

O IVIEASURING RELATIVE CHANGE OF C-13 AND C-14

IN STORED BIOlulASS CAN YIELD INFORlllATION ON

THE S0URcE 0F THE C0z THA'T lrlAS pREsENT

DURING PLANT GROl^lTH

SLIDE 24

Global Carbon Isotope Di stri buti on

#=-on ffi=

Foss i 'l Fue l

c-t3 _

ffi - -c'tn

fJ$ = -rooz

'Terrestri al Bios phere

?# = -r.*

&l* - -0.,'

0ceans

c-l3

ffi

a-l a

ffi= -lo to

Atmospheric Carbon Isotope Ratios

Year

Biosphere 6nly 25'l FF 50r'FF

75t FF

• 75% Bio
• 50ts Bio
• ?51[ Bio

Fuel only

• P
• (-)

SLIDE 25

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SLIDE 27

PROPOSED

PROGRA14

SCllEDULE

(CONTINUED)

\./

PHASE II

(FIVE-YEAR PROGRAlvl)

IlvlPLEfvlENT FULL-SCALE

UP TO FIVE DIFFERENT

IVlENT)

I

4

f{EASUREI{ENT l^lI

r$/n B0

EXX0N TANKER

ROUTES PRO6RA14

(t

ll $/n

NG

GOVERN-

US

1,

c

CONTINUE DRILLINC Sl{IP PRO6RAlvl AT

L0CATI0NS (r$/n 50

EXX0N)

CONTINUE LAND BIOTA DI'FFTRENT SOURCES (

SUITABLE

GEOGRAPt{ICALLY

TH

)

yl

SLIDE 28

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SLIDE 29

GREENHOUSE TFFECT i

t.

I

t.

J. 5. 6. Develop background Oevelop research program

Obtain ER&E management approval Advise Exxon Corp. & affiliates Advise DOE of program Plan program with affiliates

( Exxon International, EUSA, etc.)

Arrange universi ty partnersh.ip 0esignate program manager

0rder and assemb'le i nstrumentatl on

Begin Phase I

• Tanker No. I
• Drilling Ship

Land biota measurements

• l. Prepare and submit proposals to DOE

2, Publ ish initiai results

• 3. 0rder additionai equipment
• 1. Begin Phase II
• 5 tankers
• 9 drilling ships
• 2 different land biota sources
• 5. Awareness anq corporate

dissemination of i nformati on

• n overa lI prob lem

Fundi ng

$

Source

20 K

ER&E

30 K

ER&E

GBL Units IP

'l P

1P

IP

'I P

IP

1P

7.

B.

9. 0.

5k 5k

50k

125 k

ER&E ER&E ER&E ER&E DOE ER&E ER&E ER&E

iP

1.3 P

IP

6P

275 k

ER&E

25 k

ER&E

75 k

ER&E

30 k

ER&E

30 K

ER&E

425 k

DoE

6.8

225

160 70

M

k k k

0.1 P

I