Potable Reuse in California Update on Research Topics Northern - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Potable Reuse in California – Update on Research Topics

Northern California WateReuse Chapter

• nline Meeting

August 28, 2020 Adam Olivieri, EOA, Inc. Brian Pecson, Trussell Tech Julie Minton, WRF

Potable Reuse in California – Update Research Topics

— Background

— Expert Panel Findings and Research Needs

— Potable Reuse Regulation/Defined

— Groundwater recharge & Surface Water Augmentation — Potable reuse via raw water and treated water augmentation

— Update on Potable Reuse Investigations –Microbial Focus

— Pant Performance and QMRA Tools — Pathogen Monitoring including SARS-CoV-2 — Monitoring outbreak concentration of pathogens

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Expert Panel Findings on Direct Potable Reuse

— CA State Expert Panel assessed DPR

feasibility

— Concluded it is feasible to create

uniform regulations for DPR

— Expert Panel recommended 6 topics for

further research

DP DPR

EXPERT PANEL FINAL REPORT

Evaluation of the Feasibility

• f Developing Uniform

Water Recycling Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse

C a l i f

• r

n i a S t a t e W a t e r R e s

• u

r c e s C

• n

t r

• l

B

• a

r d

SW SWB Grant 1: 5 D DPR Research h Projects

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Research addressing Pathogens

DPR-1. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment* DPR-2. Measure Pathogens in Wastewater* DPR-3. Collecting Pathogens in Wastewater During Outbreaks

Research addressing Chemicals

DPR-4. Treatment for Averaging Potential Chemical Peaks DPR-5. Low Molecular Weight Unknown Compounds

Research implementation late 2018 – late 2020

Public Health Protection

*Co-funded by Metropolitan Water District

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5

Potable Reuse In California

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ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIER – GWR and SWA (Reservoir Water Augmentation)

• Benefits:
• Attenuate chemical spikes
• Robust pathogen barrier
• Response time
• Hand of Hygia

Source Control 3 - Outbreak Monitoring 2 - Plant Reliability and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment 1 - Pathogen Monitoring 4- Control of Chemical Peaks 5 - Non-Targeted Analysis and Low Molecular Weight Compounds

Pathogens Chemicals

Research Related to Public Health Protection

High Very Low

Pathogen Concentration

Raw wastewater

DPR Pathogen Conc, Risk and Treatment

105 10-5 1 Drinking water

Tr Treatment Re Requirements

10-log

Ri Risk

11-log 12-log

Pa Pathogen Co Concentrations DP DPR-1: 1: Im Implementation

• n
• f
• f P

Prob

• babilisti

tic c Tr Treatment Tr Train Pe Performance and QM QMRA RA DP DPR-2: 2: Pathogen Mo Monitoring

DPR -1 TWG and Research Team

Ch Charles Haas

Drexel University

Ni Nick As Ashbolt

University of Alberta

Th Theresa Sl Slifko

Metropolitan Water District

Br Brian Pe Pecson (c (chair)

Trussell Technologies

Te Technical Working Group Re Research Team

Da Dan Ge Gerrity

UNLV

Ed Edmund Se Seto

University of Washington

DPR – 1 Investigation Topics

— Understanding the Benchmark Curve — Impact of Raw Wastewater Pathogen Concentration — Impact of Treatment Redundancy — Impact of Treatment Variability and Failure Assumptions — Sensitivity Analysis

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”So what’s this? I asked for a hammer! A hammer! This is a crescent wrench! … Well, maybe it’s a hammer.… Damn these stone tools.”

1.

• 1. Exposure Assessment

2.

• 2. Dose-Re

Response 3.

• 3. Risk

Ch Characterization

• n

Tools provide clear reproducible approach to help develop criteria

Raw wastewater Treatment Drinking water levels Drinking water consumption Exposure Dose-response

Ri Risk

What pathogens? What enumeration methods? What data sets should we use? Do we need new data? How do we use non-culture-based data? What pathogens? What enumeration methods? What data sets should we use? Do we need new data? How do we use non-culture-based data? What pathogens? What enumeration methods? What data sets should we use? Do we need new data? How do we use non-culture-based data? What pathogens? What enumeration methods? What data sets should we use? Do we need new data? How do we use non-culture-based data? How do we quantify performance? Use surrogates or direct pathogen measurements? What data should we use? Should we use site-specific performance distributions? Ranges from the literature? How do we quantify performance? Use surrogates or direct pathogen measurements? What data should we use? Should we use site-specific performance distributions? Ranges from the literature? How do we quantify performance? Use surrogates or direct pathogen measurements? What data should we use? Should we use site-specific performance distributions? Ranges from the literature? How do we quantify performance? Use surrogates or direct pathogen measurements? What data should we use? Should we use site-specific performance distributions? Ranges from the literature? How do we quantify performance? Use surrogates or direct pathogen measurements? What data should we use? Should we use site-specific performance distributions? Ranges from the literature? How much water do people drink? Estimate with a distribution? Which one? Use a point estimate? Which one? Does it matter? How much does it matter? How much water do people drink? Estimate with a distribution? Which one? Use a point estimate? Which one? Does it matter? How much does it matter? How much water do people drink? Estimate with a distribution? Which one? Use a point estimate? Which one? Does it matter? How much does it matter? How much water do people drink? Estimate with a distribution? Which one? Use a point estimate? Which one? Does it matter? How much does it matter? How much water do people drink? Estimate with a distribution? Which one? Use a point estimate? Which one? Does it matter? How much does it matter? Which D-R functions to use? What about molecular data? Which D-R functions to use? What about molecular data? Which D-R functions to use? What about molecular data? Which D-R functions to use? What about molecular data? Which D-R functions to use? What about molecular data? Which D-R functions to use? What about molecular data? Which D-R functions to use? What about molecular data?

The TWG and Research Team will create tools to co consistently evaluate performance and risk DDW will be trained to use the tools to assist them with DPR regulatory development

Calculating the Benchmark Treatment Train

1.

• 1. Exposure Assessment

2.

• 2. Dose-Re

Response

Raw wastewater Treatment Drinking water levels Drinking water consumption Exposure Dose-response Risk

𝑈𝑝𝑚𝑓𝑠𝑏𝑐𝑚𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑔𝑓𝑑𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 𝑆𝑗𝑡𝑙 = 1 − 𝐸! 𝑊 𝑦 10"#$ % &'() *

Calculating the Benchmark Treatment Train

1.

• 1. Exposure Assessment

2.

• 2. Dose-Re

Response

Raw wastewater Treatment Drinking water levels Drinking water consumption Exposure Dose-response Risk

𝑈𝑝𝑚𝑓𝑠𝑏𝑐𝑚𝑓 𝐽𝑜𝑔𝑓𝑑𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 𝑆𝑗𝑡𝑙 = 1 − 𝐸! 𝑊 𝑦 10"#$ % &'() *

0.01 0.1 1 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99 99.9 99.99

1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04

Crypto concentration (organisms/L) Percent ≤

Distribution from Rose et al. 2004 ~7 LRV at median 9 LRV at 99th percentile 5 LRV at 1st percentil e Tolerable drinking water density of 1.7 x 10-6 Crypto oocysts / L

Tools can be used together to develop DPR criteria

Crypto

0.1 1 5 10 20 30 50 7080 90 95 99 99.9 1E-15 1E-14 1E-13 1E-12 1E-11 1E-10 1E-09 1E-08 1E-07 1E-06 1E-05 1E-04 1E-03 1E-02 Annual risk of Cryptosporidium infection Percent less than or equal to 99.9 Baseline risk - no failures

Performance Evaluation QMRA

If we shift the treatment requirements…. …what is the impact on public health?

12 / 10 / 10 12 / 10 / 10 13 / 11 / 11 13 / 11 / 11 14 / 12 / 12 14 / 12 / 12

Treatment Requirements

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

LRV

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Probability Less Than or Equal To Treatment Train Performance

LRV of 13 LRV of 12 LRV of 11 LRV of 10 SD Demo Data 0.01 0.1 1 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99 99.9 99.99

Percent less than or equal to

10-14 10-13 10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6

Daily Risk of Cryptosporidium Infection Daily Risk

SD Demo Data LRV of 13 LRV of 12 LRV of 11 LRV of 10 Daily Risk Target

Redundancy is important when considering the impact

• f low probability failure events

0.01 0.1 1 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99 99.9 99.99 1.E-17 1.E-16 1.E-15 1.E-14 1.E-13 1.E-12 1.E-11 1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 Daily Risk of Cryptosporidium Infection Percent ≤

Moderate Redundancy High Redundancy

1.

• 1. Exposure Assessment

2.

• 2. Dose-Re

Response 3.

• 3. Risk

Ch Characterization

• n

Raw wastewater Treatment Drinking water levels Drinking water consumption Exposure Dose-response Risk

Calculated Low (Sensitivity Analysis) Moderate (DPR-2)

High (DPR-1)

Calculated Low (Sensitivity Analysis) Calculated

Investigate impact on risk by changing assumptions of different steps of QMRA

Constant point estimate

• vs. distribution?

Constant point estimate (1.5L) vs. distribution? Beta-Poisson vs. exponential?

DPR -2 Pathogen Monitoring Project Goals

—Goals:

— Develop recommendations for the collection and analysis of pathogen data

in raw wastewater

— Conduct pathogen monitoring of raw wastewater as inputs to DPR-1

Th Theresa sa Sl Slifko (c (chair)

Metropolitan Water District

Br Bria ian Pe Pecson

Trussell Technologies

Kara N Nel elson

UC, Berkeley

Channa nnah R Rock

University of Arizona

Menu Led enu Leddy

Essential Environmental & Engineering Systems

Tec echnic nical W Working ing G Group up

Ge George ge Di DiGi Giovanni

Metropolitan Water District

Full-Scale Campaign

Five facilities 24 samples 120-point datasets for:

• 3 pathogenic viruses
• 2 pathogenic protozoa
• 1 viral indicator

DPR – 2 Pathogen Monitoring

— Includes historical drinking water and IPR pathogens use existing techniques — Includes additional viral pathogens and indicators — Uses both traditional (non-molecular) and molecular enumeration methods

TW TWG Recommendations for Pathogens and Enumeration Methods Vi Virus us Enterovirus (culture and mo molecular) Adenovirus (culture and mo molecular) Norovirus (mo molecular) Bacteriophage (culture and mo molecular) Pr Protozoa Giardia (microscopy) Cryptosporidium (microscopy)

DPR – 2 Methods Pre-Testing for Standard Operating Procedure

— Developed pre-testing plan to verify methods:

— Optimum concentration method: — Optimum volume to process: — Quantify recovery percentage of methods:

vs.

EPA 1623 EPA 1693

Filtration Centrifugation

vs.

PEG Beef Extract

Task 2 –Methods Pre-Testing: Cryptosporidium

vs

EPA 1623

Filtration Centrifugation

vs.

EPA 1693

100 mL 500 mL 1000 mL

1 mL 2 mL 4 mL

ND ND (<10-12) ND ND (<3-6) 5-9 26% 26% 18 18-32 32 30% 30% 6-18 18 40 40-55 55

Concentration Step Sample Volume Pellet Volume Concentration (oocysts/L) Average Recovery Corrected Conc. (oocysts/L) Also suitable for Giardia cysts

Si Site 1 Si Site 2

DPR-2 SOPs ARE SENSI TI VE AND REPRODUCI BLE

Preliminary results through 4/2020:

• High rate of detection for all
• rganisms
• Effective for wastewater from 5

different facilities

• Reproducible across 3 different labs
• Matrix spike samples providing ability

to correct for recovery

Organism Fraction of Detects Mean Recovery Crypto (cyst/L) 40/41

31%

Giardia (oocyst/L) 41/41

44%

Enterovirus culture (MPN/L) 41/41 70% MS2, 75% PhiX174 Adenovirus culture (MPN/L) 41/41 Enterovirus molecular (GC/L) 41/41 24% MS2, 55% PhiX174 Adenovirus molecular (GC/L) 41/41 Norovirus GIA molecular (GC/L) 38/41 Norovirus GIB molecular (GC/L) 40/41 Norovirus GII molecular (GC/L) 41/41

PRELI M I NARY FI NDI NGS

Undergoing QA/QC Review – Do Not Cite

1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 4/1 4/15 4/29 5/13 5/27 6/10 6/24 New Daily Confirmed Infections per Capita Concentratoin (GC/L) Facility E N1 N2 Confirmed Infections

SARS-CoV-2 RNA Concentration GC/L New Daily Confirmed Infections per Capita N1 N2 Confirmed Infections

Facility E

N1 and N2 are RNA genes from SARS-CoV-2

PRELI M I NARY FI NDI NGS

Undergoing QA/QC Review – Do Not Cite

1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 4/1 4/15 4/29 5/13 5/27 6/10 6/24 New Daily Confirmed Infections per Capita Concentratoin (GC/L) Facility E N1 N2 Confirmed Infections

SARS-CoV-2 RNA Concentration GC/L New Daily Confirmed Infections per Capita N1 N2 Confirmed Infections

Facility E

N1 and N2 are RNA genes from SARS-CoV-2

NEXT STEPS

PRESENT

• Conduct Original Pathogen Monitoring Campaign:

October 2019 to January 2021

• Conduct SARS-CoV-2 Monitoring Campaign:

April 2020 to January 2021

FUTURE

• Analyze data and develop final report with

recommendations

W HY I S THI S RESEARCH I M PORTANT FOR POTABLE REUSE?

DPR-2 refined Standard Operating Procedures for several waterborne pathogens QAPP includes strict QA/QC that produces more accurate information State Water Board expanding DPR-2 to stay vigilant on new SARS-CoV-2 threat Useful in developing public health criteria for various water-related applications including potable reuse

Kr Krista Wigginton, University of Michigan Co Collaborators: Ali Bo Boehm (Stanford), Nasa Si Sinnot

• t-Ar

Armstron

• ng (St

Stanfor

• rd), Rebecca Lahr

(U (UM), ), Sh Shalina Gu Gupta (UM)

Feasibility of collecting pathogen concentration data for raw wastewater associated with community outbreaks of disease.

Questions include:

— Can we verify that the data and assumptions on the level of waterborne

pathogens in untreated wastewater used to develop DPR criteria is protective

• f public health?

— Can we use wastewater monitoring to detect an outbreak? Can we use

epidemic quantities to predict the wastewater quantities?

— Can we combine data to identify gaps? Using excretion rates, can we calculate

how many people in a community have the disease(s)?

— COVID Update: In addition to key waterborne pathogens, researchers have

added coronavirus to the list of organisms of concern.

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Surveillance Data: National Outbreak Reporting System

California Norovirus National Norovirus

Question: When and where do we expect the highest concentrations to enter treatment plants

Surveillance Data: California Department of Public Health

California cryptosporidiosis

Re Resources on WRF website

https://www.waterrf.org/california-state-water-board-grant

https://www.waterrf.org/sites/default/files/file/2020- 05/Direct-Potable-Reuse-CA-SWB.pdf

All Reports will be available by mid-2021

DPR-5 Report: https://www.waterrf.org/research/projects/evaluating-analytical- methods-detecting-unknown-chemicals-recycled-water