policies and challenges. By Dr Soumana Datta Dept of Botany UOR, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

BIODIVERSITY conservation--- policies and challenges.

By Dr Soumana Datta Dept of Botany UOR, Jaipur soumanadatta@gmail.com

ICED, Jaipur 2015

• The (CBD)Convention was opened for signature on 5

June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit"). It remained open for signature until 4 June 1993, by which time it had received 168 signatures. The Convention entered into force on 29 December 1993, which was 90 days after the 30th ratification. The first session of the Conference of the Parties was scheduled for 28 November – 9 December 1994 in the Bahamas.

National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs)

• Article 6 of the Convention on General Measures for

Conservation and Sustainable Use states that each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with its particular conditions and capabilities:

– Develop national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity or adapt for this purpose existing strategies, plans or programmes which shall reflect, inter alia, the measures set out in this Convention relevant to the Contracting Party concerned – Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral

• r cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies.

CBD resolutions--Responsibility of each country

NEPAL NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN 2014-2020

PREPARED BY

GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL MINISTRY OF FORESTS AND SOIL CONSERVATION SINGHADURBAR, KATHMANDU, NEPAL (JULY 2014)

INDIA HAS FORMED NBA, SBBs and VFM/BMC

Why study BIODIVERSITY—a roadmap for OUR COMMON FUTURE

GLOBAL PROTECTED AREAS PROGRAM

• The IUCN World Parks Congress is a

landmark global forum on protected areas held every ten years. As the world’s most influential gathering of people involved in protected area management, it sets the global agenda for the following decade.

• The next IUCN World Parks Congress took

place on 12 - 19 November 2014 in Sydney, Australia.

• LOCAL EFFORTS AT CONSERVATION

ENCOURAGED

ORANS --KRAPAVIS, ALWAR

WHAT ARE ORANS?

• 100 kms beyond Alwar in Rajasthan in the Oran,
• r sacred grove, of Jugrawar Roondh, covering

an area of 165 hectares.

• In arid Rajasthan,even at 50°C, Orans provide

shade, fuel wood, fodder and even food and livelihood for humans and animals.

• They are controlled by local communities in a

complex management system.

• Excellent system of how local communities

protected their common resource base and provided food and water for animals in harsh and arid conditions.

2011--Int. year of the forests

• Why? To focus the world’s attention on the need to

increase the protection of forests and make sure that their high importance for biodiversity conservation, climate stabilization and economic development is not undervalued.

When forests (hotspots) are lost?

• These forests have all lost 90% or more of their
• riginal habitat and each harbor at least 1500

endemic plant species (species found nowhere else in the world). If these forests are lost, those endemic species are also lost forever.

• These forests potentially support the lives
• f close to one billion people who live in or

around them, and directly or indirectly depend on the natural resources forest ecosystems provide.

What do we need to record forests Biodiversity?

• Forests overall cover only 30 percent of our

planet’s area and yet they are home to 80 percent of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. They also sustain the livelihoods for 1.6 billion people, who directly depend on healthy forests for income.

• The trees, flowers, animals and micro-
• rganisms found in forests form a

complex web of life.

• The interactions between the species and

the ecosystems in them function as natural factories of some of our most basic needs, like clean air, healthy soils, medicines, crop pollination and fresh water.

Endangered hotspots

• Indo-Burma,
• New Caledonia,
• Sundaland,
• Philippines, Atlantic Forest,
• Mountains of Southwest China,
• California Floristic Province,
• Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa,
• Madagascar & Indian Ocean Islands and
• Eastern Afromontane.

CALIFORNIA FORESTS

• Several large mammal species once found

here have gone extinct, including the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), which appears on the flag of California and has been the state symbol for more than 150 years.

• Wilderness destruction caused by

commercial farming is a major threat for the region, which generates half of all the agricultural products used by U.S. consumers.

GRIZZLY BEAR

Giant panda---south west China

COFFEE PLANTATIONS— ATLANTIC FORESTS

Where to start? What to do?

• Training
• Capacity building
• Refresher courses
• Conferences, seminars, field visits,

workshops

Recording biodiversity- WHERE TO START?

• Deciding on the study team and locality

Study team and study sites

• 1. Listing of activities linked to natural

resources ( done through group discussions)

• Activities of local people
• Activities of outsiders

Who is the user group?

• Delineation and documentation of user

groups: local and external

• (group discussions)
• Local user groups
• External user groups
• Drivers and impact of (Local / External)

user groups

• Recording movement of nomadic groups

Looking for the GYANI

• Identification of knowledgeable individuals

(group discussions)

• Knowledgeable individuals- local
• Knowledgeable individuals- external

LOCATION RECORDING

• Listing of landscape/ waterscape element

types and sub-types, participatory mapping and recording of code numbers

• f significant elements indicated on the

map (group discussions)

• WETLANDS-- types and subtypes
• Participatory map

MAKING INVENTORIES

Listing of functional species groups (e.g. fuel- wood, edible fish) selected for further documentation. (group discussions) Functional species- groups

• Inventory of locally available life forms known to

local community members, and listing of focal taxa selected for further documentation (group discussions) Locally known life-forms

Withania somnifera (Solanaceae)

Diversity in crop plants

Focus of PBR in each area

• Documentation of issues that local

community members would like to serve as the focus of the PBR exercise, and the associated taxa, functional species groups and landscape/ waterscape elements (group discussions) Key concerns

Conserving water resources

Management status

• Documentation of status, dynamics, and

management issues relating to various landscape/ waterscape element types/ sub-types considered as a whole (group discussions)

• Landscape status
• Landscape management
• Waterscape status and dynamics
• Waterscape management

Flora and fauna survey

• Documentation of status of various focal

taxa and species groups in focal landscape/ waterscape elements (field observations)

• Focal taxa abundance, field survey

What are ecosystem services?

• Goods/ bads and services/ disservices are

defined with respect to their use-values to an individual, a group of individuals or a community.

• In almost every case, many of the ecosystem goods

and services of an area are used by people living

• utside. They may access these---
• through the market (e.g. a marketed NTFP such as

Garcinia fruit),

• by virtue of locational advantages (e.g.

watershed benefits in downstream areas) or

• by physically accessing the ecosystem (e.g.

collecting firewood or enjoying scenic beauties).

Ecosystem benefits for large communities

Forests, for example, provide carbon sequestration benefits to the global community at large with impacts potentially reaching a small island nation or a low lying delta facing threats of submergence thousands of miles away. These benefits will typically have no significance for the local people.

Aerial view of Maldives islands

Ecosystem v/s Industrial goods and services

• Ecosystem Goods --Locally available medicinal

herb (Relatively little transformation, no welldefined market, labour-intensive collection process)

• Industrial goods--Commercially produced drug

capsule (High degree of transformation, well defined market, capital-intensive production process)

Bads and disservices

• Ecosystem bads services- Pests, disease

vectors, pathogens

• Industrial services--Persistent organic pollutants

such as DDT.

• Ecosystem Disservices --Landslides, floods,

tsunamis

• Industrial disservices--Destruction of

atmospheric ozone layer as a result of emission

• f CFCs from refrigeration processes

Ecosystem services

• Evergreen forests are origin of streams
• Evergreen forests are repository of

honeybees

• Evergreen forests are aesthetically and often,

culturally important (for example, when certain spots are associated with sacred beliefs).

• Grasslands provide for grazing of livestock
• Flowering of rubber plantations increases

availability of honey

• Plantations check soil erosion due to

contour formations

• Water streams provide water for irrigation

and domestic uses

Honey collection

FORESTS SUPPLY WATER

• Forests have been increasingly important

in the provision of fresh water on a global scale.

• Over three quarters of the world’s

accessible fresh water comes from forested watersheds and two thirds

• f all major cities in developing

countries depend on surrounding forests for their supply of clean water.

A watershed is a land area that catches water from precipitation and snowmelt. Water then drains to a common waterway such as stream/lake/aquifer/wetland

Forest and climate change

• The role of forests in stabilizing the climate must

also be increasingly recognized, as emissions resulting from deforestation represent approximately 15% of total greenhouse gas emissions, and they are superior stores of carbon.

• The World’s 10 Most Threatened Forest

Hotspots store over 25 gigatons of carbon, helping to clean air and cope with the already inevitable effects of climate change.

People should save their resources

Forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate to give room to

• pastures,
• agricultural land,
• mineral exploitation and
• sprawling urban areas,

By doing so we are destroying our own capacity to survive.

WHICH SERVICE TO RECORD IN PBR?

• Recording of the status and trends in goods and

services, as well as bads and disservices through field observations, and through interviews would be an important component of PBR activities

• It would be important to record who benefits

and who loses from the various goods and services, and bads and disservices.

• Wild pigs may be a bad for members of

the user group whose livelihood depends crucially on cultivation, but for the user group comprising landless laborers, the pigs may represent a valued food resource.

Measures for Protection of Habitat

• f Medicinal Plants:
• § Not to disturb the existing landscape.
• § Protect the medicinal plants occurring now in the

agricultural lands.

• § Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and manure.
• § Encourage biological control measures.

Role of villagers/youth in protecting BD

• Try to acquire some knowledge of the

medicinal plants available in their locality, and try to protect them, prevent smuggling, cutting, and destroying the medicinal plants.

• RESEARCH, FIELD TRIPS,

DOCUMENTATION,

• MAPPING RESOURCES
• REMOTE SENSING, EDUCATION ,

AWARENESS BUILDING.

ROLE OF FOREST DEPARTMENT

• Prevent smuggling, theft of some of the

trees like sandal, teak, neem etc.

• Establish nurseries, distribute seedlings

and plants at a low cost

• Encourage farmers to grow economically

valuable trees like sandal, teak, mango, silver oak by giving protection to them

FORESTERS ROLE

• Joint Village Forestry Committee: A committee

involving both forest department, and village members should be formed, and it should identify empty lands near by village where nothing has been grown, and in those lands try to cultivate medicinal plants

Agriculture department

• Agricultural department: Establish

research centers, nurseries, and medicinal plant gardens where information regarding cultivation of medicinal plants will be available, and medicinal plants will be supplied at nominal cost to the people.

• Establish a center where people can sell

their products for a reasonable price.

Dept of Ayurveda

• Agencies preparing Ayurvedic medicines:
• Visit the locality on fixed days and

purchase the medicinal plants.

• Encourage people who grow medicinal

plants on an extensive scale by giving some incentives, such as loan, and subsidy.

Role of gram panchayat

• Gram Panchayat: Pass a resolution that

people should take permission and clearance from Gram Panchayat when collecting medicinal plants and also when cutting trees like neem, mahua, Pongomia etc.

PROTECTING FORESTS ----- OUR DUTY

• “During this International Year of Forests, we

strongly encourage countries to take a new look at the long-term value of managing and protecting their natural forests, which are globally important assets. Healthy forests are an important part of the natural capital and offer us the most cost-effective means of confronting the many environmental challenges of climate change and increased demand for forest products.”

• ---Olivier Langrand, Conservation international

policy chief.

POLICIES/DECISIONS TAKEN

• Aichi Biodiversity Targets --In decision X/2, the tenth meeting of the

Conference of the Parties, held from 18 to 29 October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, for the 2011-2020 period……

• At least halve and, where feasible, bring close to zero the rate of

loss of natural habitats, including forests

• Establish a conservation target of 17% of terrestrial and inland water

areas and 10% of marine and coastal areas

• Restore at least 15% of degraded areas through conservation and

restoration activities

• Make special efforts to reduce the pressures faced by coral reefs

Pollinators are vanishing

Pollination—key ecosystem service

Plant science research auditing

• Funding agencies for research—DBT, DST,

UGC, MoEF,etc.

• JOBS—BSI, CAZRI, AFRI, CSIR LABS
• LOCAL NGOs hiring to study ecosystems
• Organic farming—state govt projects
• Training –State medicinal plant board
• FOREST RESEARCH

CBD—INDIA CONTACT

Additional Secretary Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Jor Bagh Road, Aliganj +91 11 24695130, +91 11 24695137 E-Mail: hempande@nic.in as-mef@nic.in sujata@nic.in

soumanadatta@gmail.com

Valuing Biodiversity—Government and community efforts in India

Dr Soumana Datta

Plant biodiversity lab Department of Botany University of Rajasthan Jaipur-302001, India.

Challenges for the world

While the main priority for Western nations is to secure tough targets for protecting plants and animals and the habitat they need, developing countries are in general more concerned about international finance, and about an agreement on fair and equitable access to the Earth’s natural genetic resources. Such an agreement – known as access and benefit sharing (ABS) – was prescribed when the CBD came into existence 18 years ago, but successive attempts to negotiate it have failed.

Developing nations – where most of the planet’s unexplored genetic resources lie – want an equitable share in the profits generated when Western companies develop drugs or other products from plants or anything else that came from their territory.

DUTIES OF THE CENTRAL AND THE STATE GOVERNMENTS—BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BILL 2000

• 36. Central Government to develop National strategies,

plans etc., for conservation, etc., of biological diversity.

• 37. Biodiversity Heritage sites.
• 38. Power of Central Government to notify threatened

species. 39. Power

• f

Central Government to designate repositories.

• 40. Power of Central Government to exempt certain

biological resources.

Panchayat and Govt efforts

• Micro-enterprise development at the village level--
• --SMSE
• Watershed management---MoEF
• Building ponds,dams,afforestation—MNREGA
• Biodiversity gardens/parks—SBB
• Livestock management,Orans—An Husbandry
• Urban biodiversity---Local bodies
• Urban gardens---JDA
• Auditing municipality budgets and green spending

Monitoring CSR in BD management

• Projects covered, to be audited by ???
• SCHOOL BD GARDENS, AFFORESTATION AREAS
• RAINWATER HARVESTING, PONDS AND SMALL

DAMS

• LIVELIHOODS FOR FOREST DWELLERS,RURAL

WOMEN, SHGs,

• FOOD AND M ILK PROCESSING
• CITY GARDENS, HYDROPONICS, POLLINATOR AND

INSECT HOTELS/PARKS

• ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
• BD EDUCATION, AGROINDUSTRIES, etc.
• CONSERVATION—FLORA AND FAUNA

WHY URBAN BIODIVERSITY IS REQUIRED???

The range of benefits is very diverse, Environmental benefits--- stormwater mitigation, air purification, nutrient recycling, urban cooling etc. Social benefits--- food security, education, recreation, physical activity, improvement in healthy eating, improved social cohesion etc. Economical benefits--- income generation, added real estate value,

Orissa basket weavers

School vegetable gardens—combating malnutrition

Sahariya tribe -Baran district

Contribution of Sahariyas to economy of Rajasthan

• Conserving trees like--
• Mahua, for oil used in soap industries
• Beedi patta, for rolling beedis
• Chironji---valuable spice in gulab jamun
• Kattha- for paan industry
• CHALLENGES----
• No market except weekly haats, selling to private

businesses

• Rampant malnutrition,poor health indicators.

Development of Sahariyas

• Indira Gandhi Awaas Yojna---how many homes

made?

• Toilets?
• No medical facilities used by them—cultural

practice of going to healers

• Recording of indigenous medicines used by

Sahariyas---SBB to encourage PBR making

• Growing vegetables and fruit trees to enhance their

nutritional status---CSR projects

• Conservation Project—Forest dept—SITAMATA

WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

• Location: Kotra DistrictArea:492.68 sq.km
• Unique Fauna:Leopard, Hyena, Chinkara, Wild boar,

Four-horned Antelope, Flying squirrel, Pangolin and 120 species of Birds

• Accessibility:Udaipur-Kotva via Panarva -120 Kms
• Conservation interests--Four horned Antelope,

Pangolin, Flying Squirrel, Deer species

Four horned antelope, Chinkara

MEDICINAL PLANTS

• 1. Commiphora wightii
• 2. Withania somniferum
• 3. Rauvolfia serpentina
• 4. Oroxylon spp.
• 5. Gymnemma sylvestris
• 6. Pterospermum spp.

Grown and conserved by communities in southern Rajasthan for livelihood generation

THE BIODIVERSITY BILL 2000—establish NBA

APPROVALS BY THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY CLAUSES 19. Approval by National Biodiversity Authority for undertaking certain activities.

• 20. Transfer of biological resource-or

knowledge. 21. Determination

• f

equitable benefit

• haring

by National Biodiversity Authority.

STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD FUNCTIONS

• 22. Establishment, of State Biodiversity Board.
• 23. Functions of State Biodiversity Board.
• 24. Power of State Biodiversity Board to restrict

certain activities violating the objectives of conservation, etc.

• 25. Provisions of sections 9 to 17 to apply with

modifications to State Biodiversity Board.

FINANCE, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY

• 26. National Biodiversity Fund.

27. Application

• f

National Biodiversity Fund. 28. Annual report

• f

National Biodiversity Authority.

• 29. Budget, accounts and audit.
• 30. Annual report to be laid before

Parliament

• 32. State Biodiversity Fund...how to use??

(1) There shall be constituted a Fund to be called the State Biodiversity Fund and there shall be credited thereto-

(a) any grants and loans made to the State Biodiversity board under section 3 1; (b) any grants or loans made by the National Biodiversity Authority; (c) all sums received by the State Biodiversity Board from such other sources as may be decided upon by the State Government.

(2) The State Biodiversity Fund shall be applied for (a) the management and conservation of heritage sites; (b) compensating Or rehabilitating any section of the people economically affected by restriction imposed under section 37; (c) conservation of biological resources-, (d) socio-economic development of such biological resources

• r knowledge associated thereto has been accessed subject

to any approval granted under section 24, in consultation with the local bodies concerned. (e) meeting the expenses incurred for purposes authorized by this Act.

Rajasthan SBB—what have we done??

STATE BD BOARD FORMED IN 2010 FUNDS REMAIN UNUTILISED SINCE 2010 BMC formation---- 26 TILL DATE TRAINING OF BMCs ---none PBR writing –nil Education on BD---PAMPHLETS, SEMINARS, in schools and colleges, BD train PBR training----none ROLE OF TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND COMMUNITIES— ROLE MODEL KERALA COLLEGE/UNIV STUDENTS IN JAIPUR MOTIVATING FOR BMC IN KOTPUTLI, JHUNJHUNU, SIKAR

HOW TO MAKE PEOPLES BIODIVERSITY REGISTERS?

Biological Diversity Act.

This Act provides for the establishment of Biodiversity Management Committees in all local bodies, whether Panchayats or Municipalities throughout the country. It stipulates that “the main function of the BMC is to prepare People's Biodiversity Register in consultation with local

• people. The Register shall contain comprehensive

information on availability and knowledge of local biological resources, their medicinal or any other use or any

• ther traditional knowledge associated with them.”

Preparation of “People's Biodiversity Registers (PBR)” will be a rather unusual scientific activity. But it will be an activity that is very much appropriate to our biodiversity rich country, and very much timely in the current era of rapid technological developments.

PBR making--THE AGHAPUR STORY—1996-97

PBR STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN IN VILLAGE. VETIVER GRASS TUBERS CANNOT BE DUG OUT BY COMMUNITIES RESULTING IN SOIL IMPACTION NO FOOD AVAILABILITY FOR SIBERIAN CRANES AS THEY COULD NOT DIG OUT CORMS AND TUBERS FROM SOIL.

Climate change and its impact on wetlands— Wetlands are most affected by changes in temperature and precipitation. Climate change has led to sea level rise, warmer temperatures, altered precipitation patterns and increased frequency of some extreme weather events. Droughts affect wetlands that are most vulnerable to changes in precipitation, such as bogs. CLIMATE CHANGE PATTERNS ALSO ALTERS SPECIES OF FLORA AND FAUNA

The major threats to wetlands are:

• river regulation and water diversion
• development and catchment

disturbance

• introduction of weeds and pest animals
• climate change.

(COMMUNITIES RECORD VARIOUS CHANGES IN WETLANDS IN PBR—LAPORIYA DUDU VILLAGE)

THANK YOU SOUMANADATTA@GMAIL.COM