PLANT IDENTIFICATION Once we understand the importance of knowing - - PDF document

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PLANT IDENTIFICATION Once we understand the importance of knowing - - PDF document

Why is it Important to Learn How to Identify p nt to Learn it Worth h the Effort? Plants? Is it it The ability to know or identify a plant allows us to assess many important variables in the plant life and environment that are critical to


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SLIDE 1

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO PLANT IDENTIFICATION

Why is it Important to Learn How to Identify p Plants? Is it nt to Learn it it Worth

h the Effort?

  • The ability to know or identify a plant allows us

to assess many important variables in the plant life and environment that are critical to its proper management and care.

  • It is one thing to be able to identify a plant and

quite another to know its use or values as it relates to our landscape environment.

  • Once we understand the importance of knowing
  • ur plants and how to use them in the

landscape, we must first be able to identify them. If you do not know the plant, you cannot do your job.

  • Hand lens or magnifying glass – 2x, 3x, 5x
  • Loop – 10x
  • Dissecting kit
  • Collecting bags – plastic or paper
  • Hand shears, clippers, Snip-It
  • Plant Press or magazine, book
  • Labels with pencil
  • Camera
  • 3 X 5 index cards

H d l if i l 2 3 5

Helpful Tools to Use for Identifying Plants Plant Identification Resources

  • Individuals that know their plants
  • Botanical Gardens and Arboreta
  • Nurseries and their catalogs
  • Books
  • Plant Societies
  • Conferences and Trade Shows
  • Internet/Apps--plant.id

Plant Taxonomy: the science that finds, describes, identifies, classifies, and names plants.

Two goals of plant taxonomy:

  • Identification - determining identity of

unknown plant by comparison with previously collected specimens

  • Classification - placing of known plants into

groups or categories to show some relationship

Classification System

Five Kingdom: Six Kingdom: Plantae Plantae Animalia Animalia Fungi Fungi Protista⁺ Protista Monera* Eubacteria Archaea

  • Slime mo lds and alg ae
  • *Bac te ria

Eukaryota Domain Bacteria Domain Achaea Domain

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SLIDE 2

Representative drawing or photo Current classification Author or authority Synonyms Conservation status

Scientific Classification

  • Domain: Eukaryota
  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Clade
  • Clade
  • Clade
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • species
  • (specific epithet)

These two together identify the plant. This is the binomial system of nomenclature developed by Carl von Linné 250 years ago. (1707-1778)

Clade: A group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

Dalbergia sissoo

  • Roxb.*

* / / Indian rosewood

Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Fabales Family: FABACEAE Genus: Dalbergia species: sissoo

Note: Genus name is always capitalized, species is never capitalized.

* William Roxburgh

Scientific Names: Scientific Names: Values and Weaknesses

  • Many scientific names are used as common names.
  • You are assured of getting the plant you want.
  • You can talk to people in other parts of the world about the same plant!
  • They are organized and evaluated according to a definite system of

laws and rules.

  • Scientific names often are descriptive of the plant or its place of origin,

color, growth habit: Olea europaea, Prosopis chilensis,

Fraxinus velutina, Caesalpinia mexicana, Prosopis velutina, Washingtonia robusta, Leucophyllum candidum

  • Scientific names may not be uniform around the world
  • Changes in old familiar names may occur
  • Names are sometimes long made up of unusual or unfamiliar syllables.

Nerium oleander Eucalyptus Acacia

Pronunciations

  • Follow guidelines for Latin or Greek
  • Use frequently used pronunciation
  • Caesalpinia pulcherrima
  • Dodonaea viscosa
  • Give it your best shot!
  • Do not get into arguments over ‘correct’ pronunciation
  • To hear pronunciations of names on the plant list, visit

google.

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SLIDE 3

Common Names

  • They are the names known and familiar to

most people.

  • They are usually simple and relatively easy

to remember, using words in common use. For example; Desert Ironwood or olive.

  • They are often descriptive of the plant. Such

as Desert Willow or Yellow Bells.

Common Names can be Common Names can be Confusing and Misleading

  • Yew pine – Podocarpus macrophyllus
  • Neither a yew nor a pine
  • Evergreen Elm – Ulmus parvifolia,
  • Is not totally evergreen in central

Arizona

  • Bird-of-Paradise – Caesalpinia pulcherrima,

Strelitzia regina

Bird-of-Paradise

  • A hybrid is the offspring of different varieties,

species or genera.

  • xChitalpa tashkentensis is an inter-generic hybrid cross

between Chilopsis linearis and Catalpa bignonoides

  • A variety (var.)is a natural variation within a

species.

  • Pennisetum setaceum var. cupreum
  • A cultivar is selected and grown by humans, a

cultivated variety.

  • Dodonaea viscosa `Purpurea’

Plant Groupings other than Species

Cross of three Parkinsonia species: (Parkinsonia aculeata x

  • P. microphyllum) x P. florida

Thornless Palo Verde Cross of two genera: Chilopsis linearis x Catalpa bignoniodes Chitalpa

Hybrids

Pennisetum setaceum m var.

  • r. cupreum

Purple Fountain Grass Dodonaea viscosa a `Purpurea’ Purple Hopseed Bush

Dodonaea viscosa `Purpurea’

Genus species Cultivar Capitalized not capitalized Capitalized `with single quotes’

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SLIDE 4

1. Understand that plants have a unique set of identifiable characters and characteristics. 2. Identify the unique set of observable characteristics that may be associated with a specific plant species. 3. Practice applying these characteristics to plants in the landscape. 4. Determine a means of associating these characteristics with the plant name. 5. Practice the spelling and pronunciation of each plant name. Repetition is essential to success.

First Steps

Plant Morphology

  • T

he study o f the physic al fo rm and e xte rnal struc ture

  • f plants.
  • Plant anatomy is the study o f the inte rnal struc ture
  • f plants, e spe c ially at the mic ro sc o pic le ve l.

Leaves

Leaves come in many shapes and sizes!

Simple Leaves

Midvein Margin→

←Apex or tip

Petiole

↓ ↑ ← Blade

Lateral vein

Rachis

Compound Leaves

Rachis

←Leaflet ↓

Petiole

Palmately compound leaf Pinnately compound leaf Twice pinnately compound leaf

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SLIDE 5

Winged petioles and rachises

Venation is the pattern of vascular tissues in the blade of a leaf. Vascular tissues are important for the transport of water, dissolved minerals and sugar.

Leaf Venation

Palmately -Veined Simple Leaves Pinnately-Veined Simple Leaves

A, B, C: Pinnately-veined simple leaves E, F: Palmately-veined Compound Leaves D: Pinnately-Veined Compound Leaf

Palmately-Veined Compound Leaf Twice-Compound Pinnately-Veined Leaf Once-Compound Pinnately-Veined Leaf Parallel Veination

Leaf Surfaces

There are six common leaf surfaces Glabrous Pubescent Tomentose Scabrous Glaucous Rugose

Pubescent Tomentose Glabrous

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SLIDE 6

Glacous Scabrous Rugose

Leaf (leaflet) margin

Entire, undulate (wavy) Crenate, serrate, dentate

Crenate Doubly Serrate Undulate Serrate

Stem Terminology

Node – point of leaf

attachment on a stem,

  • ften swollen.

Internode—part of stem

between the nodes.

Bud – site of potential

growth; leaf, flower, stem.

Axil – angle formed by the

juncture of a leaf and a stem.

Blade Lateral stem

Leaf Arrangement

Leaf arrangement is the number of leaves per node.

Opposite leaf arrangement

Bud

Alternate leaf arrangement Whorled leaf arrangement

Lenticels – one of many raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues. Stipules – Paired leaf parts at a leaf base.

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SLIDE 7

A spine is a modified leaf. A prickle is an outgrowth from the epidermis or bark

Plants armed with thorns, spines or prickles

A thorn is a modified stem

Parts of a flower: Sepals - functions as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom. Petals - modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts

  • f flowers. They are often brightly colored or

unusually shaped to attract pollinators. Stamen – Flower part producing pollen Pistil - Flower part containing potential seeds, part from which the fruit develops.

Flower Morphology

A special thank you:

  • Mo st pho to s and so me te xt share d by:
  • Dr. Chris Martin,

Pro fe sso r o f Sustainable Ho rtic ulture at Arizo na State U nive rsity

  • Shanno n Sc o tt, AAA L

andsc ape

  • Be th Po stma, All Se aso n Who le sale Gro we rs
  • Jac kie L

yle , Civano Gro we rs

  • K

ase y Billing sle y, Harmo ny Ho rtic ultural Co nsulting

  • Cindy Odg e rs
  • 1
  • 2
  • 2

Acacia a aneura Acacia an mulga

3

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SLIDE 8

Formerly known as Vachelia farnesiana

Acacia Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia

4

Acacia a salicina Acacia alicina sa weeping acacia

5

Acacia a stenophylla Acacia tenophylla st shoestring acacia

6

Caesalpinia mexicana Mexican bird of paradise

7

Chilopsis is linearis p

desert willow

8

xChitalpa tashkentensis xChitalpa chitalpa

9

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SLIDE 9

Corymbia apapuana Corymbiapa p ghost gum

10

Dalbergia a sissoo Dalbergia a issoo si Indian rosewood; Indian sisso

11

Eucalyptus us microtheca Eucalyptus coolibah

12

Eucalyptus usspathulata Eucalyptu narrow yptu w- s pathulat sp us ptu w-leaf gimlet

13 14

Ficus microcarpa Ficus var s microc cus ar

  • ar. nitida

va ar nitida . n Indian laurel fig

15

Fraxinus s velutina Fraxinus s velut v Arizona ash

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SLIDE 10

Fraxinus s velutina Fraxinus s velut v Arizona ash

16

Jacaranda a mimosifolia Jacaranda a m jacaranda

17

Mariosousa a willardiana Marios palo sousa w rios

  • blanco

18

Melaleuca a viminalis Melaleuca a viminalis v weeping bottlebrush

19 20

Olneya a tesota Olneya a esota te desert ironwood Olea a europaea Olea a uropaea eu common olive

21

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SLIDE 11

Parkinsonia aflorida Parkinsonia a lorid fl blue palo verde

22

Parkinsonia Parkinson hybrids

23 24

Parkinsonia a microphylla Parkinsonia a microphy m foothills palo verde Parkinsonia a praecox Parkinsoni palo brea

25

  • 26

Leaves of pines are called needles. Needles occur in bundles called fascicles. There may be one to five needles per fascicle. The sheath is a paper-like covering at the base of the fascicle.

Fascicle Sheath

Pinus us brutia avar.

  • r. eldarica

Pinu us brutia b av Afghan pine

27

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SLIDE 12

Pinus s halepensis Pinus s halepens h Aleppo pine

28 29

Pistacia a chinensis Pistacia a Chinese hinensis a h ch e e pistache Prosopis ischilensis Prosopi is hilensis ch Chilean mesquite

30

Prosopis isglandulosa Prosopi isglandulo g honey mesquite

31

Prosopis s hybrids Prosopis s hybrids h South American South Ame mesquite

32

Prosopis s hybrids Prosopis hybrids hy South American South Amer mesquite

33

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SLIDE 13

Prosopis s velutina Prosopis s velutina v velvet mesquite or velvet mesquite or Arizona mesquite

34 35

Quercus s virginiana Quercus s southern s virginiana v s vi v n live oak

36

Sophora secundiflora Texas mountain laurel, mescal bean Tipuana a tipu Tipua tipu na a i ti ua u tree

37

Ulmus s parvifolia Ulmus s parvifo p Chinese elm

38

Vitex x agnus us- s-castus Vitex x agnu a us s astu ca c lilac chaste tree

39

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SLIDE 14
  • 57

Fan Palms Feather Palms

Palm Morphology

  • Palms are typically grouped in two ways: the types of leaves

(called fronds) and height at maturity.

  • Types of fronds:
  • Feather palms have fronds that are pinnate in form.
  • Fan palms have fronds that are palmate in form.
  • Height at maturity:
  • Palms greater than twenty feet in height are called

standard palms.

  • Palms that are under twenty feet in height are called

dwarf palms.

58

Chamaerops s humilis Chamaerops s humilis h Mediterranean fan palm

59

Cycas s revoluta Cycas s evolu re sago palm

60

Phoenix canariensis Phoenix canariensis Canary Island date palm

61

Phoenix x dactylifera Phoenix x ac da date palm

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SLIDE 15

62

Phoenix x roebelenii Phoenix x oebelenii ro pigmy date palm

63

Washingtonia ia filifera Washingtoni ia ilifera fi California fan palm

64

Washingtonia a robusta Washingtonia a obusta ro Mexican fan palm

65

California Fan Palm Mexican Fan Palm

66

Never do this to any plant!

  • 68
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SLIDE 16

70

Bignonia a capreolata Bignonia a a ca crossvine Bougainvillea spp. Bougainvillea s bougainvillea

71

Bougainvillea spp. Bougainvill B le ea s e bougainvillea

Dolichandra unguis cati cat’s claw vine

73

Dolichandra unguis cati cat’s claw vine

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SLIDE 17

Eremophila glabra ‘Outback Sunrise’

  • utback sunrise emu

75

Ficus pumila Ficus pumila creeping fig Ficus pumila Ficus pumila creeping fig Lantana montevidensis purple trailing lantana

  • L. montevidensis ‘Alba’

white trailing lantana Myoporum parvifolium trailing myoporum

  • 79
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SLIDE 18

Caesalpinia cacalaco cascalote

80

Caesalpinia gilliesii yellow bird of paradise

81

Caesalpinia pulcherrima red bird of paradise

‘Phoenix Bird’

Calliandra californica red fairy duster (Baja) Calliandra eriophylla pink fairy duster

84

Carissa macrocarpa natal plum

85

Bifurcate thorns

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SLIDE 19

Chrysactinia mexicana damianita

86

Convolvulus cneorum bush morning glory Dodonaea viscosa hopseed bush

Dodonaea viscosa ‘Saratoga’

Encelia farinosa brittle bush Eremophila maculata emu bush Eremophila spp.

Eremophila hygrophana Blue Bells™ Eremophila x Summertime Blue™ Summertime blue emu bush Eremophila racemosa Easter egg bush Eremophila hygrophana Purple Flowering emu Bush

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SLIDE 20

Justicia californica Justicia califo chuparosa Justicia spicigera Mexican honeysuckle Lantana spp. lantana hybrid Larrea tridentata creosote Leucophyllum candidum silver leaf sage Leucophyllum frutescens Texas sage

  • L. f. ‘Green Cloud’

L.f. ‘White Cloud’

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SLIDE 21

Leucophyllum laevigatum Chihuahuan sage

Leucophyllum laevigatum Leucophyllum frutescens

99

Melaleuca viminalis

‘Little John’

Nerium oleander

  • leander

Oleander scorch

Rosmarinus officinalis rosemary Ruellia peninsularis Baja ruellia

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SLIDE 22

‘Katie’ (purple) ‘Chi hi Chi hi’ (pink)

Ruellia brittoniana Purple ruellia

‘Blanca’ (white)

Senna artemisioides x artemisioides feathery senna, feathery cassia Senna artemisioides subsp. oligophylla

  • utback senna, outback cassia

Simmondsia chinensis jojoba Tecoma fulva

  • subsp. guarume
  • range bells

Tecoma stans Yellow bells

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SLIDE 23

Tetraneuris acaulis Angelita daisy

  • 130

Agave americana century plant

  • A. a. var. marginata

Variegated Century Plant

  • A. a. var. mediopicta

Center-Strip Agave

Agave angustifolia var. marginata Pacific Agave, Caribbean Agave Maguey lechugilla Agave desmettiana smooth agave Agave geminiflora Twin-flowered agave

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SLIDE 24

Agave vilmoriniana

  • ctopus agave

Aloe barbadensis medicinal aloe

136

Carnegiea gigantea Carnegiea g saguaro

137

Cylindropuntia bigelovii Cylindropuntia bigelo teddy bear cholla Dasylirion wheeleri Dasylirion wheeleri Sotol, desert spoon

Do not do this!

Echinocactus grusonii golden barrel

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SLIDE 25

Euphobia antisyphilitica candelilla Euphorbia tirucalli ‘Rosea’ firesticks Fouquieria splendens

  • cotillo

Hesperaloe funifera giant hesperaloe

Hesperaloe parviflora red yucca

Never do this!

Muhlenbergia capillaris ‘Regal Mist’ Pink Muhly

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SLIDE 26

Muhlenbergia rigens deer grass

Never do this!

Opuntia spp. prickly pear

Opuntia englemannii Englemann’s prickly pear Opuntia ficus indica spineless cactus Opuntia violacea ‘Santa Rita’ Santa Rita prickly pear

Pennisetum setaceum Considered invasive

Pennisetum setaceum var. cupreum Purple Fountain Grass Stenocereus marginatus Mexican fence post Yucca elata soap tree yucca Yucca recurvifolia curve leaf yucca