[PPT] - PLANING CRITERIA TO LOCATE SWITCHES IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Juan M. PowerPoint Presentation

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Juan M. Gers, PhD PLANING CRITERIA TO LOCATE SWITCHES IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Cuernavaca, Mexico September 19th, 2018

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Introduction to Smart Grids and SGMM
Optimal Topology
Switch Location
Feeder Reconfiguration
Conclusions

Content

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The smart grid concept penetrates throughout the entire organization:

Smart meters
Smart feeders (Distribution Automation)
Smart substations
Smart transmission
Smart centralized generation (and

distributed generation)

Electrical Components of Smart Grids

Smart Grid

Smart Meters Smart Generation Smart Feeders Smart Substation Smart Transmission

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A major power grid transformation is underway

How can utilities

Develop effective roadmaps?
Track progress?
Understand their posture in comparison

to peers?

The Smart Grid Maturity Model was developed by utilities to address these concerns

4

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5 4 3 2 1

SGMM at a glance

SMR

Strategy, Management, & Regulatory

OS

Organization & Structure

GO

Grid Operations

WAM

Work & Asset Management

TECH

Technology

CUST

Customer

VCI

Value Chain Integration

SE

Societal & Environmental

8 Domains: Logical groupings of smart grid related characteristics 6 Maturity Levels: Defined sets of characteristics and outcomes 175 Characteristics: Features you would expect to see at each stage of the smart grid journey

5

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Compass results: maturity profile

example results 2 3 2 2 3 2 1

SGMM maturity profile includes a maturity score for each domain

6

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Navigation results: consensus aspirations

example results 2 3 2 2 3 2 1

This is where we are today

3 3 4 4 4 3 2 2

This is where we aspire to be in X years

NOTE: There is no “correct” target profile implied in the model; the optimal profile will vary by utility.

7

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Partners were licensed to provide official SEI services, delivered by SEI-Certified SGMM Navigators, until the SGMM Partner and Navigator programs ended in mid-2018. At that time, the SGMM Partners were

Cognizant Technologies

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SGMM Partners

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Electrical Components of Smart Grids

Smart Grids/Distribution Automation Benefits AMI & Improve reliability Fault Location, Isolation and System Restoration

Metering management
Reduce outage

duration.

Reduce number of
utages.
Improve quality indices

Improve system efficiency Volt/Var Control

Reduce line losses
Fulfill voltage profile

regulation Effective DG integration Inverters, numerical protection, SCADA, and others technology

ptions
Improve impact from

ER

Improve Power Quality
Improve Reliability

Advanced asset management Sensors to determine maintenance program according to condition-based status

Reduce maintenance

expenses

Reduce associated

failure expenses

Deferral of replacement

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Under normal operating conditions, feeder

reconfiguration aims for a more efficient

perating condition of the network.
Under

faulty conditions, feeder reconfiguration aims to restore the service to the maximum number of users in the shortest time.

Prior

to determining the location

f

switches to allow changes in configuration, it is highly recommended to find the best topology for a distribution system.

Introduction

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The optimal topology normally represents the lowest losses of the system. To determine it, specialized software packages are used, which assume that all the poles, in particular the double deadends, are potential open points.

This allows the software to determine the best boundaries among feeders to reduce the overall losses.

Optimal Topology

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Potential Opening Points

Feeder 1

DOUBLE DEADEND SINGLE SUPPORT ON CROSSARM

Feeder 2 SUB A SUB B a1 a2 ai an b1 b2 bj bm bjx

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Case Study

EMCALI is an utility that has around 110 feeders at 13.2 kV that register a total loss figure above 15% which requires the application of several methods among them the feeder reconfiguration

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S/E SOUTH S/E SAINT ANTHONY

Prototype of the distribution system before reconfiguration

COLOR CIRCUIT CODE

Crystals

St. Anthony

10th Street Lido Britain Cedar 0106 0010 0109 0517 0513 0518

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Summary of Results

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 kW BEFORE AND AFTER RECONFIGURATION LOSSES IN kW OF RESIDENTIAL CIRCUITS

Link Current Location Recommended Location Initial Losses (kW) Final Losses (kW) Reduction (kW) Volt Min # Link Circuits Link Circuits CLR CTL Total CRL CTL Total Opt. Topology Load Flow (p.u) 1 100483A-100483B 0110 0517 1003445-1192621 0517 9.11 292.36 301.47 46.58 163.26 209.84 90.45 91.63 0.970302 12 106023A-106023B 0106 0518 1008536-1201573 0518 61.08 99.98 161.06 82.34 73.40 155.74 5.37 5.32 0.958584 15 106202A-106202B 0109 0513 1061321-1184474 0513 10.99 226.72 237.71 56.66 118.02 174.68 62.63 63.03 0.968333 TOTAL 81.18 619.06 700.24 185.58 354.68 540.26 158.45 159.98

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Case Study

14 13 11 9 7 3 20 21 18 17 16 15 12 4 1 2 6 5 8 19 10

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14 13 11 9' 7 3 20 21 18 17 16' 12 4 1' 2 6 5 8 19 10 1 16 15 18' 20' 13' 19' 12' 8' 10' 14' 4'

Case Study

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Cost Savings Illustration

If the prototype represents 5% of the overall system, the total savings amount is $ 2,803,200

0.10 $/kWh

kWh Cost

160 kW

Losses saving

Data

160 kW 8760 h 0.10 $/kWh

$ 140,160

Annual Saving

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Location of switches controlled remotely

The placement of switches is

carried out in such a way that the reliability and flexibility criteria

f

the network are increased.

The reliability of distribution

networks can be greatly improved by adding switches along the feeders.

The

benefit

f

adding the switches can be measured by examining the improvement in reliability performance.

N1

F=25,988 1/yr T=0,536 h Q=836,269 min/yr

N3 N2 N8 N6 N7 N4 N13 N10 N11 N12

F=0,960 1/yr T=0,450 h Q=25,920 min/yr F=1,400 1/yr T=0,500 h Q=42,000 min/yr F=2,000 1/yr T=0,750 h Q=90,000 min/yr F=5,119 1/yr T=0,567 h Q=174,226 min/yr F=2,860 1/yr T=0,649 h Q=111,416 min/yr F=10,335 1/yr T=0,543 h Q=336,523 min/yr F=4,939 1/yr T=0,601 h Q=178,185 min/yr F=10,335 1/yr T=0,543 h Q=336,523 min/yr

N9 N5

F=5,199 1/yr T=0,544 h Q=169,782 min/yr F=3,060 1/yr T=0,484 h Q=88,917 min/yr F=3,780 1/yr T=0,500 h Q=113,394 min/yr F=2,800 1/yr T=0,625 h Q=104,995 min/yr

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Location of switches controlled remotely

Some of the most common reliability parameters are the following:

Failure

Rate, λ, describes the number of times per year that a component can expected to experience a failure.

Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), r,

represents the expected time it will take for a failure to be repaired.

Probability of being available, P,

and a probability of not being available, Q. These parameters are found with a proper network modeling

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5 Original Network Step 1: Reduces Series Components Step 2: Reduces Parallel Components Step 3: Reduces Series Components

RELIABILITY

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Location of switches controlled remotely

N1

F=25,988 1/yr T=0,536 h Q=836,269 min/yr

N3 N2 N8 N6 N7 N4 N13 N10 N11 N12

F=0,960 1/yr T=0,450 h Q=25,920 min/yr F=1,400 1/yr T=0,500 h Q=42,000 min/yr F=2,000 1/yr T=0,750 h Q=90,000 min/yr F=5,119 1/yr T=0,567 h Q=174,226 min/yr F=2,860 1/yr T=0,649 h Q=111,416 min/yr F=10,335 1/yr T=0,543 h Q=336,523 min/yr F=4,939 1/yr T=0,601 h Q=178,185 min/yr F=10,335 1/yr T=0,543 h Q=336,523 min/yr

N9 N5

F=5,199 1/yr T=0,544 h Q=169,782 min/yr F=3,060 1/yr T=0,484 h Q=88,917 min/yr F=3,780 1/yr T=0,500 h Q=113,394 min/yr F=2,800 1/yr T=0,625 h Q=104,995 min/yr

F [1/yr] T [h] Q [min/yr] P [MW/yr] W [MWh/yr] Scenario a 9,137 0,555 304,142 45,683 25,345 Scenario b 10,335 0,543 336,523 51,676 28,044 Scenario c 9,137 0,555 304,142 45,683 25,345 Scenario d 12,253 0,528 388,333 61,266 32,361 Scenario e 10,096 0,545 330,047 50,478 27,504

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Location of switches controlled remotely

Switches can be breakers, reclosers and sectionalizers and should have means for remote operation to guarantee a fast reconfiguration when required. The location of switches is carried out based on two flexibility criteria:

FLEXIBILITY

The feeders are sectionalized into equally loaded portions

as far as it is possible.

The possibility of transferring one or more load sections

through the flexibility switches at the boundaries

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Location of switches controlled remotely

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I II III

F3 2 F 1 F

6 5 7 10 8 9 1 11

T1 T2 T3

2 3 4 12 14 13

Location of NC and NO Switches in a DS

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