SLIDE 1
2015 Asia Sub-Group Meeting of GRA-PRRG 18 September 2015 ISS-CAS, Nanjing, China
Pilot Multi-Site/Country Experiment
Kazunori Minamikawa (NIAES) Agnes Padre (IRRI) And other participants
SLIDE 2 JGSEE/KM UTT Hu e Un iv. A& F I AERI Ph ilRice
Coordinated by
A research project funded by MAFF, Japan, from 2013 to 2018 Aiming at assessing the feasibility of GHG mitigation through water saving techniques (AWD) in irrigated rice fields Results shows effectiveness of AWD to reduce CH4+N2O emissions
MIRSA Project
(Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Irrigated Rice Paddies in Southeast Asia)
2013-14 Dry season, Pati, Indonesia
SLIDE 3
Research objective
Our project aims to develop improved water management based on Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) that can always reduce soil-derived CO2-eq emission (CH4 + N2O) during rice growing season from irrigated rice paddies in Asian countries by 30% compared to the conventional practice. 70 GHG 100
SLIDE 4 AWD: Alternate Wetting and Drying
As far as I know, the term “AWD” is now used as a common term that denotes “water management practice during rice growing period.” In our project, the three practices are shared and tested at all the sites.
- 1. Continuous flooding: as reference practice
- 2. Safe AWD: naturally drained until the surface water table reaches
–15 cm; and then irrigated…
- 3. Site-specific AWD: established based on scientific experience of
each monitoring site (i.e., can differ in the practice among the sites)
–15 cm Water table Time course
Safe
SLIDE 5 Previous annual meetings
Kick-off meeting 2-4. Oct. 2013 Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam 2nd annual meeting 18-19. Aug. 2014 IRRI, Philippines
SLIDE 6
Previous site visiting
NIAES and IRRI colleagues have inspected all the four sites. Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Thailand
SLIDE 7 Soil Profiles
FAO: Dystric Fluvisols, USDA: Typic Endoaquepts USDA: Aeric Endoaquepts
VIETNAM
Thua Thuen, Hue
INDONESIA
Jakenan, Pati, Central Java
PHILIPPINES
Maligaya, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
FAO: Ustic Epiaquert USDA: Eutric Vertisol
THAILAND
Bansang, Prachinburi
0 cm 17 cm
87 cm
Redox horizon 0 cm 25 cm 80 cm 140 cm
USDA: Vertic Endoaquepts
Decreasing redox condition
WET no mottles WET with mottles DRY DRY
Indicates seasonal
pores
SLIDE 8
Greenhouse Mitigation in Irrigated Rice Systems in Southeast Asia
HUAF IAERI PhilRice PRRC Site Thua Thien, Hue Pati, Central Java Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Bansang, Prachinburi Soil texture loam Loam Clay Clay Clay 17.5 18.2 17 10.4 Silt 33.2 34.9 39 26.7 Sand 49.3 46.9 44 62.9 pH 4.18 6.24 6.44 4.93 Total C % 1.25 1.37 1.72 1.93 Total N % 0.068 0.08 0.101 0.18
Site Specificities Soil
SLIDE 9
Indonesia Thailand Philippines Vietnam
SLIDE 10
3rd Annual Meeting of MIRSA-2 Project Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Aug 24-25, 2015
SLIDE 11 Thua Thien, Hue
2014 2015 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
- ------------wet fallow------------
winter-spring summer-autumn winter-spring
50 100 150 200
Rainfall (mm)
10
CF
wet water level (mm)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
CF
CH4 mg m-2 d-1
SLIDE 12
0.0 5.0 10.0
AWD
wet water level (cm)
5 10 15
AWDS
wet
Thua Thien, Hue
Season S1 S2 S3
Water mgt.
CF AWD AWDS CF AWD AWDS CF AWD AWDS CH4 kg ha-1 512 396 429 1029 814 810 485 299 255 N2O kg ha-1 0.29 0.36 0.30 1.05 0.71 0.57 0.27 0.05 0.11 GWP CO2 eq t ha-1 12.9 10.0 10.8 26.0 20.5 20.3 12.2 7.5 6.4 % reduction 22 16 21 22 39 47
S1 S2 S3
SLIDE 13 500 1000 1500 2000
10 30 50 70 90 110 CF AWD AWDS CH4 mg m-2 d-1
A
Test of fixed effects: Effect Pr>F Trt <0.0001 DAS <0.0001 TrtxDAS <0.0001
10 20
10 30 50 70 90 110 DAS
B
Daily average water level (mm)
Methane fluxes 3rd season (WS 2014 – 2015)
SLIDE 14 CH4 + N2O Emissions in the Season 1-3
CF: Continuous flooding; AWD: Safe AWD; AWDS: Site-specific AWD
CF AWD AWDS
Season 3 CF AWD AWDS
Season 2 5 10 15 20 25 30 CF AWD AWDS Net GWP (CO2 eq t ha-1)
Season 1 CF AWD AWDS
Season 3 N2O CH4 CF AWD AWDS
Season 2 1 2 CF AWD AWDS Net GWP (CO2 eq t ha-1)
+9%
Season 1
Hue, Vietnam Prachinburi, Thailand Jakenan, Indinesia Maligaya, Philippines
CF AWD AWDS
Season 3 CF AWD AWDS
Season 2 5 10 15 20 CF AWD AWDS Net GWP (CO2 eq t ha-1)
Season 1 CF AWD AWDS
+22% +20%
Season 3 CF AWD AWDS
+33% +22%
Season 2 5 10 15 20 CF AWD AWDS Net GWP (CO2 eq t ha-1)
Season 1
SLIDE 15 Grain Yields in the Season 1-3
CF: Continuous flooding; AWD: Safe AWD; AWDS: Site-specific AWD
Hue, Vietnam Prachinburi, Thailand Jakenan, Indinesia Maligaya, Philippines
CF AWD AWDS Season 3 CF AWD AWDS Season 2 2 4 6 8 10 CF AWD AWDS Grain yield (t ha-1) Season 1 CF AWD AWDS Season 3 CF AWD AWDS Season 2 2 4 6 8 10 CF AWD AWDS Grain yield (t ha-1) Season 1 CF AWD AWDS Season 3 CF AWD AWDS Season 2 2 4 6 8 10 CF AWD AWDS Grain yield (t ha-1) Season 1 CF AWD AWDS Season 3 CF AWD AWDS Season 2 2 4 6 8 10 CF AWD AWDS Grain yield (t ha-1) Season 1
SLIDE 16 Conclusions
- Management of AWD that will lead to optimum reduction
in GWP is site specific.
- Soil characteristics, rainfall patterns, and water availability
need to be considered in the optimum management of AWD.
- Increasing the number of drainage events or the number
days without soil surface water increased reductions in GWP in 3 of the 4 sites.
- AWD sometime increased N2O emissions in Muñoz, Nueva
Ecija and Jakenan but not enough to offset CH4 emission reductions.
- The high increase in CH4 emissions during the first 2 weeks
after transplanting (before AWD could be practiced) due to the incorporation of rice stubbles, overshadowed the CH4 emission reduction at later stages.
SLIDE 17
FY2014 FY2015 FY2016 FY2017 Field monitoring
Near-future milestone
Writing synthetic papers Field monitoring & support Writing papers & support
