Physics 123 Blistering conceptual overview of particle physics and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Physics 123 Blistering conceptual overview of particle physics and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dec 17, 2022 258 likes •908 views

Physics 123 Blistering conceptual overview of particle physics and cosmology S. Manly Univ. of Rochester May 1, 2013 The intimate relationship between the very big and the very small Inquiring minds want to know ... Yo! What holds it

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  • S. Manly
  • Univ. of Rochester

May 1, 2013

Physics 123 Blistering conceptual overview of particle physics and cosmology

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The intimate relationship between the very big and the very small

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Inquiring minds want to know ...

Yo! What holds it together?

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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)

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CDF Minos

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Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

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Event display from the SLD experiment at SLAC

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What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved? How do they interact?

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Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101

Lesson 1:

Size actually does matter.

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Determine the postion and velocity

  • f a car … no problem
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Determine the postion and velocity

  • f a small particle … no problem
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Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity

Heisenberg

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The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles

Et  h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein e-

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Same mass - Opposite electric charge and magnetic moment

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e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq e+e- qq qq qq e+e- qq e+e- qq qq e+e-

Much ado about NOTHING: Nothing is something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts with something

  • R. Kolb
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Strong color field Energy grows with separation !!!

E=mc2 !

“white” proton

quark quark-antiquark pair created from vacuum “white” proton (confined quarks)

“white” 0

(confined quarks)

Quantum Chromodynamics QCD

distance

energy density, temperature relative strength asymptotic freedom Why bare quarks have never been

  • bserved.

Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this animation

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quarks leptons Gauge bosons u c t d s b e   e   W, Z, g,  G g Hadrons Baryons qqq qq mesons p = uud n = udd K = us or us  = ud or ud

Strong interaction

nuclei e atoms

Electromagnetic interaction 

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Tom Kibble Gerald Guralnik UR’s own Carl Hagen Francois Englert Robert Brout 2010 APS J.J. Sakuri Prize Winners

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Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

In the 1990’s physicists studied the W and Z in minute detail in experiments at SLAC (SLC) and CERN (LEP) The Standard Model passed with flying colors.

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On to the very big …

1 Mpc= 1 Megaparsec = 3x1022 m 1 light year = 9x1015 m Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years

Telescopes are time machines

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Vesto Slipher (1875-1969) Lowell Observatory discovers a strange thing in 1912 … Most nearby galaxies are moving away from us Made use of the Doppler shift in atomic spectra http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/flashlets/doppler.htm Check out

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Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) and Milton Humason (1891-1972) at Mount Wilson Observatory combine Hubble’s distance measurements (Cephied variable stars) with Slipher’s reshift information and discover … Galaxies that are further away are moving away from us faster Hubble’s Law V=Hd

Hubble Humason (from AIP)

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Type Ia SNe from Riess, Press and Kirshner (1996)

Welcome to the “expanding universe”!! extrapolate back in time find the age of the universe  13.7 billion years.

Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years

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Think of the universe as more like a butt than a zit …

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  • R. Kolb

Hot Big Bang Theory – some of the players

Einstein Friedmann Robert Walker Lemaître Howard Robertson Ralph Alpher Robert Herman George Gamow General Relativity Expanding universe Big Bang nucleosynthesis

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BANG!

TIME

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Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles

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At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form

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At 3 minutes, light nuclei form

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At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely

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Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel !

What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?

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Cosmic Microwave Background Penzias and Wilson - 1964

Uniform and isotropic – in as far as they could measure

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Very exciting development in last decade Observed fluctuations in the CMB temp

WMap data on the temperature fluctuations in the CMB

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We seem to be missing most of the mass in the universe!

  • P. Cushman
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“Power spectrum” (size) of temperature fluctuations sensitive to different matter/energy components of the universe

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What is the nature of dark matter? What is the nature of dark energy? What does what the Higgs does in the Standard Model? Do we know about all of the fundamental particles that exist? Why 3 families? Why is the mass spectrum of fundamental particles as it is? Why is the universe matter instead of antimatter?

Many, many missing pieces …

Recent progress! But, as usual in science, we have new puzzles …

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We live in exciting times!