Perspective with a Focus on Africa Per Pinstrup-Andersen FSE Global - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Food Systems and Human Health and Nutrition: An Economic Policy Perspective with a Focus on Africa

Per Pinstrup-Andersen FSE Global Food Policy and Food Security Symposium Stanford University October 11, 2012

2,900,000,000,000 Pounds of Food Lost 3-3.5 Billion Additional People Could be Fed

HH ¡produc)ve ¡ assets ¡ HH ¡agricultural ¡ produc)on ¡ inputs ¡ management ¡ decision ¡ child ¡health ¡ status ¡ nutrient ¡ bioavailability ¡ complementary ¡ feeding ¡prac)ces ¡ & ¡food ¡alloca)on ¡ behavior ¡ access ¡to ¡ health ¡ services ¡ hygiene ¡& ¡ sanita)on ¡ environment ¡ external ¡ food ¡ assistance ¡ environmental ¡ factors ¡ farm ¡labor ¡ supply ¡

1

HH ¡food ¡ access ¡ HH ¡income ¡& ¡ assets ¡ management ¡ decision ¡

A B

market ¡ access ¡

CULTURE ¡& ¡FAMILY ¡ POLICY ¡ENVIRONMENT ¡

• ther ¡farm ¡

& ¡non-­‑farm ¡ labor ¡supply ¡ credit ¡ access ¡

2 3

child ¡dietary ¡ intake ¡

4

breasKeeding ¡ prac)ces ¡ micronutrient ¡ powders ¡& ¡ supplements ¡ domes)c ¡ labor ¡supply ¡ child ¡ nutri)onal ¡ status ¡

5

management ¡ decision ¡

C

adult ¡health ¡ & ¡nutri)onal ¡ status ¡ low ¡birthweight ¡

• ccupa)onal ¡health ¡risks ¡

exposure ¡to ¡pes)cides, ¡toxins, ¡allergens ¡ resource ¡reple)on ¡& ¡deple)on ¡ farm ¡labor ¡ supply ¡ mortality ¡ morbidity ¡ physical ¡growth ¡ disability ¡ chronic ¡disease ¡ cogni)ve ¡ development ¡& ¡ intellectual ¡ability ¡ school ¡ performance ¡ loss ¡of ¡labor ¡& ¡diminished ¡work ¡capacity ¡ HH ¡income ¡ & ¡assets ¡ health ¡costs/diminished ¡earning ¡poten)al ¡ zoonoses, ¡contamina)on ¡of ¡food ¡and ¡water ¡(e.g. ¡ with ¡feces, ¡microbes, ¡chemicals, ¡toxic ¡metals) ¡ infrastructure ¡ & ¡implements ¡ water-­‑associated ¡vector-­‑borne ¡diseases ¡ inputs ¡ infrastructure ¡ & ¡implements ¡ hired ¡labor ¡ food ¡& ¡non-­‑ food ¡prices ¡

POPULATION ¡GROWTH ¡ INSTITUTIONS ¡ GLOBALIZATION ¡ MIGRATION ¡ CLIMATE ¡CHANGE ¡

hygiene ¡& ¡ sanita)on ¡ environment ¡ food ¡value ¡ chain ¡ factors ¡ waste/loss ¡ transfers ¡& ¡ remiXances ¡ spread ¡of ¡disease ¡via ¡migratory ¡labor ¡ access ¡to ¡ health ¡ services ¡ storage ¡ adult ¡dietary ¡ intake ¡ mycotoxins ¡ reproduc)on ¡

Source: Jones, A. 2011. Overcoming barriers to improving infant and young child feeding practices in the Bolivian Andes: The role of agriculture and rural

• livelihoods. PhD diss., Cornell University.

• Food Price Changes

• Food Price Changes
• Economic Growth, Urbanization and

Globalization

• Food Price Changes
• Economic Growth, Urbanization and

Globalization

• Research and Technological Change

• Food Price Changes
• Economic Growth, Urbanization and

Globalization

• Research and Technological Change
• Biofuel and Competition for Resources

• Food Price Changes
• Economic Growth, Urbanization and

Globalization

• Research and Technological Change
• Biofuel and Competition for Resources
• Land Grabbing

• Food Price Changes
• Economic Growth, Urbanization and

Globalization

• Research and Technological Change
• Biofuel and Competition for Resources
• Land Grabbing
• Climate Change

• Food Price Changes
• Economic Growth, Urbanization and

Globalization

• Research and Technological Change
• Biofuel and Competition for Resources
• Land Grabbing
• Climate Change
• Demographic Change

Source: NBS: China Statistical Year Book, 1987 and 2010. 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1980 1990 2005 2009 Index

Source: NBS: China Statistical Year Book, 1987 and 2010. 50 100 150 200 250 1957 1981 1990 2005 2009 Index

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

Source: UNICEF, September 2012, ChildInfo: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women, Accessed online at: http://www.childinfo.org/malnutrition.html.

Available food, clean water, good sanitation, health care Prices Money and time constraints Access to food, clean water, good sanitation, health care Behavior and preferences Intra-household allocation Health and nutrition

Food System

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

• Energy-Dense Foods Diabetes
• Red and Processed Meat Cancer
• Melamine in Milk Illness and Death
• Chicken Feed and Feather Meal!
• Arsenic
• Caffeine
• Tylenol
• Prozac
• Benadryl
• Antibiotics
• and Resistant Bacteria

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

Water-borne diseases Zoonotic pathogens Drugs and medicinal plants Production and processing systems Occupational hazards Toxins and allergens

Food Systems Health Status

Contamination

• Microbial
• Chemical
• Toxic metals

Energy and Nutrient Balance

Growth retardation Reduced disease resistance Anemia Blindness Chronic Diseases

Food Safety Water Safety Sanitation Hygiene

HIV/AIDS

Behavior and Environment

Health and nutrition Consumption Transport, storage and exchange Secondary production Transport, storage and exchange Primary production Natural resources and input

Natural resources and input

• Improve water management systems to avoid

water borne diseases

• Improve quality of drinking water to reduce

risk of infectious diseases

• Add micronutrients to soil to reduce

micronutrient deficiencies in humans

• Control interaction with wildlife to reduce risk
• f zoonotic diseases

Primary production

• Promote increased productivity and production

diversity through research and policies

• Research and incentives to develop and

facilitate adoption of biofortified crops

• Enhance gender-specific productivity in

activities traditionally undertaken by women

• Strengthen gender equality in production

decisions

• Improve interaction between humans and

animals to reduce the risk of zoonotic diseases

• Introduce labor-saving technology and

production practices in households with HIV/ AIDS affected members

• Improve sanitary conditions in the production

process

Transport, storage and exchange

• Improve storage and transportation

facilities to reduce the risk of micotoxins and quality deterioration

• Infrastructure investments

Secondary production

• Fortification
• Labeling and regulation of food processing

with respect to content and processes

• Improve sanitary conditions in food

processing

• Maintain food safety standards suitable for

the intended consumers

Transport, storage and exchange

• Regulation of food advertising
• Health-focused social marketing campaigns
• Improve cold-chain for perishable foods

Consumption

• Health and nutrition education
• Strengthen gender equality in consumption

and allocation decisions

• Reduce burden on women’s time
• Create and implement food and health

safety nets

Health and nutrition

• Empower women in household and

community decision-making

• Improve sanitation and drinking water
• Enhance access to primary health care