Africa Chapte Chapters 21, 22, 23, rs 21, 22, 23, & 24 & - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Africa

Chapte Chapters 21, 22, 23, rs 21, 22, 23, & 24 & 24

Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24) 2

Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24) 3

Africa (Chp 21, 22, 23, and 24) 4

Modern Language Families Of Africa

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North Africa

• North Africa stretches from the Atlantic

Ocean to the Red Sea.

• It consists of:

– Egypt – Algeria – Libya – Morocco – Tunisia

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North Africa

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Natural Environment

• The Sahara is the world’s largest desert.

–Covers 3.5 million square miles (roughly the size of the U.S.) –high winds and seas of sand called erg’s.

• In the Sahara the Nile River runs north to

the Mediterranean through Egypt.

• This creates a vegetated region along the

Nile.

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Natural Environment

• Egyptian cotton has become a large part of

the economy.

• Most of Egypt, Algeria, and Libya are desert.
• Tunisia has a milder climate.
• Oil & Natural gas are located in all of North

Africa.

• Libya has the largest reserves

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Sahara

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Nile River

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https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=hbjWnjkLB4M

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https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=hfgPm4sV0uA

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History & Culture

• By 3000 BC a great civilization grew along the

Nile River and its Delta in Egypt

• Series of kingdoms ruled by monarchs called

Pharaohs.

• Egyptians built great pyramids as monuments

that still stand today.

• Egyptian power weakened and foreigners

(Phoenicians, Greeks, & Romans) began to control North Africa.

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Ancient Egypt

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Pyramids

Khafre Giza, Egypt

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Khufu

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Ramesses Temple, Egypt

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Hieroglyphs

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Rosetta Stone

https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=TWaReNkjTLk&nohtml5=Fal se

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History & Culture (Cont.)

• 600’s AD Arab armies conquered North

Africa (they brought in the Islamic culture.)

• Cities grew rich selling gold, ivory, spices,

and slaves.

• Until late 1800’s the Ottoman Empire ruled

North Africa.

• 1882 Great Britain took control of Egypt in
• rder to gain control of the Suez Canal.

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Cairo

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Ottoman Empire

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Suez Canal

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Suez Canal

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History & Culture (Cont.)

• 1952 a group of Egyptian military officers

led a revolution that brought Independence to Egypt.

• 1962 Algeria gained independence from

France through a war.

• Libya became a socialist republic in 1969

following a military coup by Mu’ammar Gadhafi.

• Most North Africans are Muslims, but

Jewish & Christian minorities exist.

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Mu’ammar Gadhafi

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North Africa Today

• Oil & Natural gas are the backbone of the

Algerian & Libyan economies.

• Libya is the only country in North Africa

that does not have a strong farming sector.

– Libya must import 75% of its food

• Tourism is important to Egypt, Tunisia, &

Morocco.

• Islamic fundamentalists believe that

government should be based strictly on Islam.

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West and Central Africa

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West and Central Africa

The Congo and the Niger are two of Africa’s major river systems.

• The Sahara desert extends into northern

Niger, Mali and Mauritania.

• The Sahel is a semi-arid region along the

southern edge of the Sahara.

• The Sahara is slowly expanding

southward because of a combination of droughts and a growing population in the Sahel.

Niger River System

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The Congo

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Mountain Gorilla

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Baboon (mandrill )

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Gelada monkeys

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• West African black
• rhino

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Western and Central Africa

• Great kingdoms once ruled large areas of

West and Central Africa. (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)

• Islam spread to this region among trade

routes.

• European explorers found their way to this area

in the 1400’s while searching for a water route to Asia.

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Western and Central Africa

• The demand for slaves in the world’s colonies

changed the focus of trade from gold to slaves.

• Most slaves came from areas between what are

now Senegal and Angola.

• From the 1500’s to the 1800’s Europeans and

Africans traded at least 10 million slaves through this area.

• This vastly changed the area in many ways.

– 1. The coastal states that traded slaves for guns got the upper hand on the interior states. – 2. It disrupted entire societies and families.

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Slavery in Central Africa

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Western and Central Africa

• By the mid 1800’s the slave trade was

coming to an end.

• During this time West and Central Africa

quit subsistence farming and began working for wages.

• In 1957 Ghana became independent; by

1976 all African countries in this region were independent.

• Because rival ethnic groups had to share

power this caused serious political rivalries in the new countries.

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Western and Central Africa

• West and Central African societies are

very diverse.

• Africa has three major cultural influences.

– African cultures – European cultures – Islam

• Most of the languages spoken here belong

to the Niger-Congo language family.

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Western and Central Africa

• English and French are the lingua franca .
• Islam is the main religion in the Sahel,

however many Christians live in the south.

• Literacy rates are generally very low.
• West and Central Africa is a region of

developing countries.

• Most of these countries depend heavily on
• nly a few major exports.

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Western and Central Africa

• West and Central Africa face many

challenges today:

– Economic development – Growing population, lack of infrastructure to support it. – War and conflicts (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, and Sierra Leone) – Destruction of their natural environment. – Disease spreads rapidly (HIV and Ebola)

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Ghana

• Mali – Dogoon Village

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The Mosque of Djenne - Mali

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A Pygmy family - Central African Republic

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East Africa

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East Africa

• East Africa’s major river is the Nile, which

flows northward through the Sudan.

• The Nile has two sources:

–The White Nile (from Lake Victoria and Albert) –The Blue Nile (starts in the Ethiopian highlands)

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Where the Blue Nile (bottom) and the White Nile (top) meet

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Mt Kilimanjaro- Tanzania

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Ngorongoro - Tanzania

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East Africa

• Weather is often unpredictable in East Africa.
• The Serengeti Plain holds many safari animals:

giraffes, lions, wildebeest, and zebras to name a few.

• The tsetse fly keeps human populations away

from the large savannas that hold these animals.

– (The tsetse fly carries a disease called sleeping sickness that only affects humans.)

• East Africa in general is not rich in energy or

mineral resources and most soils (dry lands) have too much salt and lime to be used.

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tsetse fly

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Sunrise on the Serengeti Plain

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East Africa

• By the late 1800’s European countries

scrambled to claim territory in the region. (Ethiopia stayed mostly independent)

• Europeans created most of the major cities

today and brought hospitals, ports, roads, and schools to some areas.

• East Africa includes several hundred

ethnic groups, but they can be organized into three categories according to language:

– The Nilotic People (Nile area of the Sudan) – The Cushitic Speakers (Red Sea to the Horn of Africa) – The Bantu Speaker (Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa)

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East Africa

• Most of the traditional religions of the area are

animist.

• Missionaries from the 1800’s through today have

spread Christianity throughout this region.

• Christianity came to Ethiopia over 1,500 years

ago.

• Boiled sorghum was the main food of the region.
• Sorghum is a grain that can withstand a drought.

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Sorghum

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East Africa

• Every country of East Africa is a developing

country

• Subsistence farming is common.
• Depending on the climate the important

crops are:

• 1. Beans 2. Corn 3. Rice 4. Sorghum 5. Wheat

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East Africa (Issues and challenges)

Drastic rise in population leading to widespread poverty.

• High crime rates due to unemployment.
• Unstable governments
• Disease such as cholera, Ebola, malaria

and AIDS kills thousands of East Africans every year.

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East Africa (Issues and challenges)

• Ethnic conflicts and hatred has led to genocide in

some areas.

– Rwanda in 1994 the Hutu tried to wipe out the Tutsi. Thousands were slaughtered. – Somalia in the early 90’s different clans fought over control of grazing rights, ports like Mogadishu, and food. – Warlords in the area would withhold supplies sent to the country’s citizens to feed their armies. – Darfur in the western Sudan the Janjaweed, a militia group recruited from the tribes of the Abbala (camel- herding Arabs) have been fighting and killing the non- Baggara people (mostly land-tilling tribes) of the region.

• The WHO has estimated the killing between 50,000 and

450,000 since 2003.

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Tutsi Hutu

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Darfur

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Ethiopia

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Kenya

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Sudan

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Southern Africa

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Southern Africa

• Between the coastal plain and the plateau is an
• escarpment. (a steep face at the edge of a

plateau)

• Several major rivers flow across this region:

– The Orange River (empties into the Atlantic/ source of hydroelectricity) – The Limpopo (Crocodile river, drains into Indian

• cean)

– The Zambezi (major source of hydroelectricity / Victoria falls located here)

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Southern Africa

• The wettest area is the tropical rain forest region known

as Madagascar which is known for its biodiversity.

• The Namib Desert is located in Namibia and has the

world’s largest sand dunes. (dry and lacks much life)

– In the Namib Desert dew and fog are the most important sources

• f water.
• Eastward is the Kalahari Desert where more plant and

animal life can exist because it is not as dry.

• The Kalahari merges into the veld. (African

savannahs/grasslands)

• South Africa has many valuable energy and mineral
• resources. (oil, coal, gold, platinum, diamonds, copper)

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The Namib Desert

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Southern Africa

• In 1652 the Dutch set up a settlement at the

Cape of Good Hope. Other Europeans followed suit.

• They eventually came to think of Africa as their

home as began to call themselves Afrikaners.

• (The language combined words from the Dutch,

African, German and Asian peoples who lived there)

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Southern Africa

• In the 1800’s the British took control of the
• area. This moved the Afrikaners inland.
• From 1899-1902 the Boer War was fought

in this region between the British and the Boer people over a desire to control mineral wealth.

• In the end the British gained control of

what is now South Africa.

• Britain granted independence to most of its

remaining colonies during the 1960’s

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Southern Africa

• Both Angola and Mozambique battled

communist regimes until the 1990’s.

• Since 1948 blacks in South Africa were

denied political rights under a policy known as apartheid (separateness).

• These laws forced blacks to live in

different areas and use different facilities than whites in South Africa

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Southern Africa

• In 1990 South Africa finally began to change its

politics and end apartheid. (this began with the freeing of Nelson Mandela)

• In 1994 South Africa held its first free elections

and Nelson Mandela was elected South Africa’s first black president.

• Southern Africa’s cultural mix reflects its diverse

history.

• Today millions of African’s belong to Christian

churches.

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Apartheid South Africa

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Nelson Mandela

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Southern Africa

• All of the countries in Southern Africa are

classified as developing countries. (South Africa is sometimes considered middle income.)

• Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in

the world.

• It consists entirely of traditional farming.
• Farming, whether market economy or

subsistence, is the most wide spread economic activity.

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Southern Africa

• Minerals and oil are becoming increasingly

important to the economics of South Africa.

• South Africa produces more gold than any other
• country. (some mines are 13,000 feet below

ground.

• Botswana is one of the world’s leading

producers of diamonds.

• (it has the fastest growing economy in Africa)

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Southern Africa

• South African countries are very dependant on a few

primary exports. (This can be risky because of price fluctuations)

• Many tourist travel to the wild game parks of Botswana,

Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe to see African wildlife.

• Greater Johannesburg is the largest sector in southern

Africa (4 million people)

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Southern Africa (Issues and challenges)

• Poverty is the most serious problem facing southern

Africa.

• Droughts and floods often strike (More than 1 million

people were uprooted in Mozambique due to flooding in the year 2000.)

• A decrease in air quality in the large cities in a problem.
• In some countries in southern Africa more than ¼

(25%) of the population is infected with HIV.

• (In Botswana the number is 36% of adults)
• Because of AIDS the life expectancy in these countries

is rapidly falling.

• Attempts are being made to educate the public by the

South African government, missionary groups, and private charitable organizations.

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Namibia

Windhoek, Namibia

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Namibia

• https://vimeo.com/156160544

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Botswana

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Malawi

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Mozambique

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Cape Town, South Africa

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Madagascar