Historical Perspective on the complexity of Africa (Focused on - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Historical Perspective on the complexity of Africa (Focused on - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Historical Perspective on the complexity of Africa (Focused on northwest Africa) Max de Vietri 27 June 2013 AAMIG AAMIG presentation - Historical perspective 26/06/2013 1 of Africa The size of Africa Principal continental-wide

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Max de Vietri 27 June 2013 AAMIG

Historical Perspective on the complexity of Africa (Focused on northwest Africa)

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► The size of Africa ► Principal continental-wide interactions < 1500 AD Great advance 1500 – 1885 Decline 1885 – 1914 1st Scramble for Africa 1914 – 1960 Wakeup call 1960 – present 2nd Scramble for Africa ► Today’s ethnicities (race, language, culture) ► Perspective of present-day problems (mainly north Africa) ► International Relations of Africa

Purpose of the presentation:

  • Demonstrate the complexity of the situation in (north) Africa
  • Show that Africa needs social and political understanding
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~30 million sq. km

AFRICA

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Australia ~7.7 million sq. km

UK ~242,000 sq. km

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~30 million sq. km

AFRICA

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Australia ~7.7 million sq. km

UK ~242,000 sq. km

+ 1,000,000,000 people

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AFRICANS

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To be “African”… Is it a modern day invention? All are Africans but they are not an ethnic unity!

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Arab / Indian Romans / Mediterraneans

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0 AD – 1,000 AD

AFRICA

The Prophet Mohamed; born 570 AD Mecca 630 AD Died 632 AD Arabs army defeat Byzantine , Cairo 641AD Arabs cross the Straits of Gibraltar in 711 AD Arabs + Berbers Arabs

Muslim conquest energised culture in Africa and began the re-civilisation of Western Europe

Approximate line

  • f penetration of

Islamic religion and Arab influence beginning 7th C

Berbers Bantu

Cairo Gibraltar

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AFRICA

1,000 AD – 1,500 AD Many African states and kingdoms with advanced social and political structures similar to later developments in Europe, trading as far as China

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Mansa Musa I 1280 – 1337 Established Mali as a world leader in military, economic and intellectual power When Mansa Musa went to Mecca, he distributed so much gold

  • n his way that the international price fell so badly the then-

know world economy was affected for over 20 years! Abubakari II 1312 abdicated and set across Atlantic with 1000 ships

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AFRICA

1,000 AD – 1,500 AD

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Mansa Musa I 1280 – 1337 Established Mali as a world leader in military, economic and intellectual power When Mansa Musa went to Mecca, he distributed so much gold

  • n his way that the international price fell so badly the then-

know world economy was affected for over 20 years! Abubakari II 1312 abdicated and set across Atlantic with 1000 ships

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AFRICA

1,000 AD – 1,500 AD Holy Roman Empire? Charlemagne?

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1500 – 1800

Trading with Europeans Songhai States Hausa States Borno Darfur Kongo Buganda Bozwi Inland African states and kingdoms were now in decline with cross-Sahara caravan trade being replaced by European sea-trade 1505 - First trading post established by Portuguese 1659 - First French trading post at mouth of Senegal River 1652 – Dutch colony established in Cape Horn 1685 + Huguenots 1795 + British Slaves / Ivory / Gold / Wood Coastal ethnic groups thrived on trade with the Europeans

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1800 – 1900

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1881- The French took the region of present day Tunisia under the pretext of an “Islamic terror” incident, as the Islamic Ottoman Empire was beginning to implode Who is the coloniser? Who is the aggressor? Established since 8th Century

“The clash of civilisations” … continued into a 2nd round?

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The Berlin Conference

1885

Otto von Bismarck

First Chancellor of newly unified Germany

  • Called to formalise the “First Scramble for Africa”
  • No African present
  • King Leopold invites Henry Morton Stanley “help him civilise the continent”

United Germany Austria-Hungary Belgium Denmark France United Kingdom Netherlands Portugal Russia Spain Sweden-Norway Ottoman Empire (United States)

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1885

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The treaty of Berlin

Liberia Ethiopia Good and bad effects …. ….intentional and unintentional Economic growth

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WWI and WWII

Showed the African that:

  • Whites were not invulnerable
  • there were different ideas and exchanges
  • not all of Africa was colonised
  • freedom was valuable
  • links could be formed between elites

Another African resource was exploited: fighting men 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress

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1960s

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  • M. Naguib / Gamel Abdel Nasser

Independence of Egypt 18 June 1953 Kwame Nkrumah Ghana First President 1957 Julius Nyerere Tanzania First President 1961 Leopold Senghor Houphouët-Boigny Ben Bella Patrice Lumumba Jomo Kenyatta Hastings Banda Kenneth Kaunda Samora Machel Moktar O Daddah WWII

  • Weakened the European powers
  • Awoke African champions
  • Catalyst for the decolonisation of Africa

1956 - Suez defeat… But France & UK forced to withdraw by US & USSR

Independence

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1970s

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Good times for some (eg. Algeria - +8% growth)/ bad times for others

1980s

Rampant inflation in US. Measures to curb through change in international terms of trade …

Sends African countries into economic/political tailspin.

(eg. Algeria - revenues fall 50%... civil war)

Cold War (1947 – 1991) upsets balance of power in several countries as both US

and USSR upheld autocratic leaders

Good time for some Bad time for all

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WTO

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International trade - African efforts were focused:

  • Develop national strategies
  • Deepen African integration;
  • Facilitate international trade
  • Building trade-enabling infrastructure

Problems:

  • Supply-side problems
  • Infrastructure deficiency
  • Regional integration

Very stiff western competition

  • Formed 1995
  • Liberalise and regulate international trade & improve access
  • Platform to negotiate, formalise and regulate trade agreements
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GOLD MINERALS PETROLEUM COAL TIMBER AGRICULTURE

2nd scramble for Africa

~15 million sq. km consists of Archaean to Palaeozoic basement ~15 million sq. km of Palaeozoic to Recent sedimentary basins plus continental edge

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AFRICANS

2,000 native languages spoken in Africa

Ethnicity: Race Language Culture Religion Clothes Food Customs

Where do the very weak and poor find activity and some profit?

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TRAFFICKING

Main “narco-traffic” routes

Cocaine Heroin Cigarettes Arms People

Illicit traffic

► Backed by “Big Man” ► Done by the poor and the “bound”

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AFRICA

USA - French & British attack On Gadhafi regime

WHY ?

International “Relations”

  • With their arms and their Islamist “mates”

On fall of Gadhafi –

Return of “out-of-work” Touareg mercenaries to homelands and tribes

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AFRICA Militant Islamists’ - Centres of recruitment

Libya – Benghazi, Awbari Algeria - Tindouf Mauritania – Nema, Mali - Timbuktu, Kidal, Taoudeni Niger - Arlit, Agadez Nigeria - Kano, Maiduguri Chad – Faya, Zouar Sudan – Nyala, El Obeid Somalia – Belet Huen, Lugh Ganana Etc, etc…. Religious zealots Youth – Disaffected Unemployed Marginalised Recruitment centres NOW AUGMENTED BY: Armed mercenaries

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AFRICA

Ansar Dine 2011

(Lyad Ag Ghaly)

“Defenders of the Faith” POVERTY UNEMPOYMENT DISCRIMINATION United under the banner of “Islamism” Not Islam!) MUJAO

2011 spilt from AQIM

“Islam and Jihad” MIA 2013

(Alghabass Ag Intalla spilt from Ansar Dine ?)

“Independence of Azawad” Signed-in-Blood

2012 Split from AQIM

“Global Jihad” Boko Haram “Western education is sinful”

Al Qaeda

into West Africa ~2007

MNLA

2011 (roots in 1960s)

AQIM 2007

Moktar Belmoktar (ex – GSPC)

“Al Qaeda in Maghreb” Trouble spot

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Major Mali uprisings: 1963, 1992, 2007-2009, 2012 Did the French now

  • verpromise on Azawad ?

Touareg: Ifogha tribe(5) Intalla family (mixed (Berber / Black)+Arab)

Mixed with Arabs 7th - 15th Century and adopted Islam, camel and Bedouin habits Lyad Ag Ghaly: Ansar Dine Moussa Ag Assarid: MNLA Alghabass Ag Intalla : MIA

Azawad

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Organised into 7 confederations – subdued by 1917 but traditional territory divided and absorbed into several “Wesphalian” states

Touareg: Ifogha tribe(5) Intalla family (mixed (Berber / Black)+Arab)

Mixed with Arabs 7th - 15th Century and adopted camel and Bedouin habits Lyad Ag Ghaly: Ansar Dine Alghabass Ag Intalla : MIA Moussa Ag Assarid: MNLA Recruitment centre

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Organised into 7 confederations – subdued by 1917 but traditional territory divided and absorbed into several “Wesphalian” states

Touareg: Ifogha tribe(5) Intalla family (mixed (Berber / Black)+Arab)

Mixed with Arabs 7th - 15th Century and adopted camel and Bedouin habits Lyad Ag Ghaly: Ansar Dine Alghabass Ag Intalla : MIA Moussa Ag Assarid: MNLA Recruitment centre Gold mines & projects

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Organised into 7 confederations – subdued by 1917 but traditional territory divided and absorbed into several “Wesphalian” states

Touareg: Ifogha tribe(5) Intalla family (mixed (Berber / Black)+Arab)

Mixed with Arabs 7th - 15th Century and adopted camel and Bedouin habits Lyad Ag Ghaly: Ansar Dine Alghabass Ag Intalla : MIA Recruitment centre Gold mine Petroliferous basin Recruitment centre Gold mines & projects Petroliferous basins Moussa Ag Assarid: MNLA

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22 March 2012 Capt. Sanogo coup d'état 5 April 2012 MNLA begin offensives 27 June 2012 MNLA and MUJAO clash 17 July 2012 MUJAO join Ansar Dine 11 Jan 2013 French Army arrives

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International bodies AU Formed 2002

Present Head: Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma 54 signatory governments (Morocco out in 1984 over SADR membership) Objectives are: Unity, solidarity, sovereignty, integrity, globalisation Legislative body of the AU – PAN-AFRICAN PARLIAMENT Plans for … but $$$? RAPID RESPONSE FORCE

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Sudan-South Sudan oil conflict brings new role for Beijing China’s growing investment in Africa has led to an unprecedented mediation role in a bitter dispute between South Sudan and Sudan over oil exports. It is contrary to China’s long-standing hands-off approach and potentially heralds a stronger involvement in the affairs of resource-rich countries.

29 May 2013

  • Vol. 4, № 18

We have to be careful and not be too dogmatic in our approach to Africa and its problems “If we don’t get it right. Someone else will” Since 2009 – Africa’s largest trading partner

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tangiers petroleum limited

“African mining and petroleum wealth represents

  • ne of the world's most exciting investment

growth opportunities”

2011 Investment in Africa Malaysian $ 19.3 Billion ( Africa’s biggest investor) Chinese $ 16.0 Billion ( + 2000 Co / 55 states) Australian $ ?3.0 Billion ( ~ 250 Co / 42 states)

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Purpose of the presentation:

  • Demonstrate the complexity of the situation in (north) Africa
  • Africa needs to reduce poverty in its growing population
  • Africa needs to reduce discrimination and marginalisation
  • Africa needs employment for its youth
  • Africa needs to generate activity and create opportunities
  • AFRICA NEEDS socially and politically sensitive trade and investment

and that’s a two-way deal

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The makers of today’s Africa

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The builders of tomorrow’s Australian bridges to Africa? AAMIG, Thank you