Emerging Infections and the Ecotone Cover: Emerging Zoonoses and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Emerging Infections and the Ecotone Cover: Emerging Zoonoses and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 12, 2022 310 likes •1.07k views

Emerging Infections and the Ecotone Cover: Emerging Zoonoses and Pathogens of Public Health Concern To learn more, log on to: www.medicalecology.org An ecotone is a narrow transition zone between one ecosystem and another. From: Despommier

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Emerging Infections and the Ecotone

Cover: Emerging Zoonoses and Pathogens of Public Health Concern
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To learn more, log on to: www.medicalecology.org

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An ecotone is a narrow transition zone between

  • ne ecosystem and another.
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SLIDE 9 From: Despommier & Wilcox. 2005 Ecohealth ( accepted for publication)
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Environmental disturbance leads to emergence

  • r establishment of infectious agents

Urbanization: (encroachment into natural systems) Cholera Rabies Lyme Disease Arboviruses - Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever Ebola, Lassa, Hanta Plague African Sleeping Sickness

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Cholera

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Then Then and Now and Now

Cholera Cholera

John Snow Rita Colwelm

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Distribution Of Estuaries

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February 3 , 2 0 0 0

El Niño I ncreases Diarrheal Disease I ncidence by 2 0 0 Percent

The El Niño phenomenon--the warming of the equatorial Pacific ocean that occurs every two to seven years--has been linked to outbreaks of dengue, malaria, and

  • cholera. Now, researchers from the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, A.B.

Prisma, and the Instituto Nacional de Salud in Lima, Peru, have found that the 1997-1998 El Niño season increased hospitalizations for diarrheal disease by 200 percent, according to a study published in the February 5th issue of The Lancet. The results are cause for concern, said the researchers, since diarrhea already causes one billion episodes and three million deaths annually in children under five worldwide.

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Trophic Relationships Of The Mangrove Estuary

From: E. Odum Fundamentals Of Ecology

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Copepod

Cholera bacteria Cholera bacteria

Filter-feeding crustacea

Throw net fishing for crustacea after the monsoons in Bay of Bengal

Fecal contamination of freshwater and human activities

Ecology of Cholera Ecology of Cholera Epidemics Epidemics

Numbers increase during monsoons due to phytoplankton blooms

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Phytoplankton Bloom

Environmental conditions favoring growth of vibrio:

  • 1. Low salt
  • 2. High Nutrient Load
  • 3. 20OC
  • 4. Triggers phytoplankton bloom
  • 5. Followed by zooplankton bloom
  • 6. Followed by a cholera outbreak

Vibrio cholerae and its relatives are marine microbes, fully integrated into their respective food webs.

Marine copepod with Vibrio cholerae attached to egg cases.

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Monsoons

  • 1. lower the salinity of the estuary
  • 2. bring nutrients to the estuary
  • 3. raise the ambient water temperature of the estuary
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Rabies Rabies

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World Distribution of Rabies

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Rabies vectors and carriers

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Fruit Bats Vampire Bat rabies virus

Belma Belma Lugosi Lugosi: : Patson Saint of Patson Saint of alm bat species alm bat species

Nipah virus

Did you know? 30% of all mammalian species are bats

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ProMed: Oct 27th, 2005 From: Luciano Goldani <rsf4805@via-rs.net> Hematophagous (vampire) bats are proliferating because of forest devastation in the state of Maranhao, northeastern Brazil. 20 cases of fatal rabies have been clinically documented. The population in the area is protecting their houses with wire nets to prevent bat bites.

  • Dr. Luciano Goldani

Infectious Diseases Unit Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

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Control of rabies by oral bait-vaccine

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Thanks, Louie!

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Yellow Fever Yellow Fever

“A man, a plan, a canal. Panama”

Walter Reed

Distribution of Yellow Fever

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Panama Canal: Tie Early days

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Canopy Transmission Canopy Transmission By By Haemogogus Haemogogus sp. sp.

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Ecotone Ecology of Transmission Of Yellow Fever

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Occupations at High Risk

Rubber Coffee Sugar cane Insurgent

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Lassa fever

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Lyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Ixodes scapularis

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Lyme Disease Maintenance: Urbanization and De-forestation

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Westchester County, NY

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African Trypanosomiasis

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East African Savanna

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West African River

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Riverine Tsetse and agriculture

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Civil Unrest and War - 2005

Liberia Côte-d’Ivoire Sudan Ethiopia Nigeria Sierra Leone Guinea Ghana Burundi Burkina Faso Cameroon Gambia Rwanda Swaziland Mauritania Zambia Central African Republic Namibia Democratic Republic of Congo

Refugees Cases Cases

  • 400,000/yr
  • 400,000/yr

Deaths Deaths

  • 60,000/yr
  • 60,000/yr
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Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis

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Rodent Holes and Sandfly Habitat

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Reservoir Hosts

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Encroachment and Vector-borne Diseases

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Occupations at Risk

Rubber Coffee Sugar cane

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Malaria

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Some Important Vectors

Anopheles gambia

Anopheles dirus

Anopheles balabacensis

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Oasis habitat

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Marsh habitat

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Irrigation Canal Habitat

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Swampland Habitat

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Rice Paddy Habitat

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What’s Next?

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Without an ecological perspective

  • n infectious disease transmission,

its anyone’s guess! Us Infectious diseases

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