Palmer Amaranth Growth and Fecundity in Competition with Various Row - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Palmer Amaranth Growth and Fecundity in Competition with Various Row Crops in North Carolina February 12, 2019 Denis J. Mahoney David L. Jordan Andrew T. Hare Nilda R. Burgos Katherine M. Jennings Ramon G. Leon Matthew C. Vann Crop Science

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SLIDE 1

Palmer Amaranth Growth and Fecundity in Competition with Various Row Crops in North Carolina

Denis J. Mahoney

David L. Jordan Andrew T. Hare Nilda R. Burgos Katherine M. Jennings Ramon G. Leon Matthew C. Vann

Crop Science

February 12, 2019

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SLIDE 2

Introduction

  • Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats)
  • #1 most troublesome weed (WSSA 2016)
  • Nutrient, light, and water competition

(Knight et al. 2017; Meyers et al. 2010)

  • Reduce yields (Ward et al. 2013)
  • Resistance!!!! (Heap et al. 2019)
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SLIDE 3

Crop Science

Introduction

  • Rapid growth
  • 0.14 – 0.21 cm GDD-1 (Horak and Loughin 2000; Spaunhorst

et al. 2018)

  • Total height
  • 160 – 269 cm with no competition (Horak and Loughin

2000; Keeley et al. 1987; Sellers et al. 2003; Spaunhorst et al. 2018)

  • 130 – 166 cm in cotton (Norsworthy et al. 2016; Webster and

Grey 2015)

  • 177 – 197 cm in sweet potato (Meyers et al. 2010)
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SLIDE 4

Introduction

  • Fecundity
  • No competition
  • Up to 170,000 seeds plant-1 (Spaunhorst et al. 2018)
  • 250,000 seeds plant-1 (Sellers et al. 2003)
  • Up to 613,000 seeds plant-1 (Keeley et al. 1987)

Crop Science

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SLIDE 5

Introduction

  • Fecundity
  • No competition
  • Up to 170,000 seeds plant-1 (Spaunhorst et al. 2018)
  • 250,000 seeds plant-1 (Sellers et al. 2003)
  • Up to 613,000 seeds plant-1 (Keeley et al. 1987)
  • In competition
  • 120,000 seeds plant-1 in cotton (Norsworthy et al. 2016)
  • 312,000 seeds plant-1 in cotton (Webster and Grey 2015)

Crop Science

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SLIDE 6

Introduction

  • Previous research
  • Midwestern and mid-southern states
  • AR, IN, KS, MO
  • Majority completed with no crop competition
  • Limited research comparing gender differences
  • Measurements over time in competition
  • One crop at a time
  • Cotton, soybean, or sweet potato

Crop Science

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SLIDE 7
  • Measure height, width, and

biomass of male and female Palmer amaranth over time in competition with corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean

  • Quantify female seed

production

Objectives

Crop Science

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SLIDE 8

Methods and Materials

  • Crops planted June 5th
  • 91-cm row spacing
  • Plot size
  • B9 – 12 rows x 9.1 m
  • C11 – 8 rows x 6 m

Crop Science

Crop Variety Population ha-1 Corn DynaGro Liberty Link ≈ 84,000 Cotton Delta Pine Bolgrad II Xtendflex ≈ 95,000 Peanut Bailey ≈ 244,000 Soybean Asgrow RR2 Xtend (AG69X6) ≈ 135,000

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SLIDE 9

Methods and Materials

  • 1 WAP, 8 plants were selected per plot
  • Selected to ensure 2 m2 weed free area around
  • Initial “clean up” spray June 20th (2 WAP)

Crop Herbicides g ai/ae ha-1 Corn Glufosinate + glyphosate 451 + 868 Cotton Glufosinate + glyphosate 451 + 868 Peanut Bentazon + paraquat + NIS 561 + 140 + 0.25% Soybean Glyphosate 1,104

Crop Science

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SLIDE 10

Methods and Materials

  • Selected seedlings were covered to ensure protection
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SLIDE 11

Methods and Materials

  • Urea ammonium nitrate

(32%) provided 2 WAP

  • Corn – 135 kg N ha-1
  • Cotton – 67 kg N ha-1
  • Peanut and Soybean – N/A
  • Opposite from selected plants
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SLIDE 12

Methods and Materials

  • 3 WAP, 8 more plants were selected per plot
  • Selected to ensure 2 m2 weed free area around
  • Plants selected on “wide-side” row-edge
  • Kept weed-free with hoeing, mowing, and pulling

Crop Herbicides g ai/ae ha-1 Corn Glufosinate + glyphosate 451 + 947 Cotton Glufosinate + glyphosate 451 + 947 Peanut Acifluorfen + clethodim + COC 421 + 210 + 1% Soybean Acifluorfen + clethodim + COC 421 + 210 + 1%

Crop Science

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SLIDE 13

Methods and Materials

  • Data collection
  • Height - 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16 WAP
  • Width - 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16 WAP
  • GDD10 (Norsworthy et al. 2008)
  • Biomass
  • Seed production
  • RCBD with

4 replications

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Methods and Materials

  • SigmaPlot 13.0
  • 4 parameter logistic model

(Spaunhorst et al. 2018)

  • Height vs GDD10
  • PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4)
  • Total height, biomass, seed

production

  • Means separated according to

Fisher’s protected LSD (P < 0.05)

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SLIDE 15

Results

Crop Science

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SLIDE 16

Results

Crop

Crop Science

GDD10 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Height (cm) 50 100 150 200 250

Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean

r2 = 0.99

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SLIDE 17

Results

Crop

Crop Science

GDD10 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Height (cm) 50 100 150 200 250

Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean

r2 = 0.99

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SLIDE 18

Results

Crop

Crop Science

GDD10 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Height (cm) 50 100 150 200 250

Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean

r2 = 0.99

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SLIDE 19

Results

Crop

Crop Science

GDD10 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Height (cm) 50 100 150 200 250

Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean

r2 = 0.99

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SLIDE 20

Results

Crop

Crop Science

r2 = 0.99

GDD10 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 % Max growth 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean

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SLIDE 21

Crop Science

C B B C C A A C 500 1000 1500 2000 Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean BIOMASS (G)

Results

Crop x gender biomass

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SLIDE 22

Results

Seed production (Field B9)

Crop Science

C A AB BC 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean SEED PRODUCTION (000’S) Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean

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SLIDE 23

Discussion

  • Height
  • Corn > cotton > peanut = soybean
  • Females > males (Keeley et al. 1987; Korres et al.

2017; Webster and Grey 2015)

  • Growth rate
  • Female = male
  • Corn > cotton > peanut = soybean
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SLIDE 24

Discussion

  • Biomass
  • Female > male in cotton and peanut

(Webster and Grey 2015)

  • Cotton = peanut >> soybean = corn
  • Fecundity
  • Cotton = peanut ≈ soybean > corn
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SLIDE 25

Implications and Future research

  • Implications
  • Cropping system may alleviate

pressure..

  • Will this affect progeny?
  • Future research
  • Repeat in 2019
  • Determine effects on progeny
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SLIDE 26

Literature Cited

  • Heap I. 2019. The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. Online. Internet. Friday, February 1, 2019. Available

www.weedscience.org.

  • Horak MJ, Loughin TM. 2000. Growth analysis of four Amaranthus species. Weed Sci. 48:347-355.
  • Keeley PE, Carter CH, Thullen RJ. 1987. Influence of planting date on growth of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Weed Sci. 35:199-

204.

  • Korres NE, Norsworthy JK, FitzSimons T, Roberts TL, Oosterhuis DM. 2017. Differential response of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus

palmeri) gender to abiotic stress. Weed Sci. 65:213-227.

  • Meyers SL, Jennings KM, Schultheis JR, Monks DW. 2010. Interference of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in
  • sweetpotato. Weed Sci. 58:199-203.
  • Norsworthy JK, Oliveira MJ, Jha P, Malik M, Buckelew JK, Jennings KM, and Monks DW. 2008. Palmer Amaranth and Large Crabgrass

Growth with Plasticulture-Grown Bell Pepper. Weed Tech. 22:296-302.

  • Norsworthy JK, Schrage BW, Barber TL, Schwartz LM. 2016. Emergence date influences growth and fecundity of Palmer amaranth in
  • cotton. J Cot Sci. 20:263-270.
  • Sellers BA, Smeda RJ, Johnson WG, Kendig JA, Ellersieck MR. 2003. Comparative growth of six Amaranthus species in Missouri. Weed Sci.

51:329-333.

  • Spaunhorst DJ, Devkota P, Johnson WG, Smeda RJ, Meyer CJ, Norsworthy JK. 2018. Phenology of Five Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus

palmeri) Populations Grown in Northern Indiana and Arkansas. Weed Sci. 66:457-469.

  • Webster TM, Grey TL. 2015. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) morphology, growth, and seed production in
  • Georgia. Weed Sci. 63:264-272.
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SLIDE 27

Questions?

Quarter!