P - - PDF document

p
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

P - - PDF document

P P rss


slide-1
SLIDE 1

❯❋❋❊ ❍❆❆●❊❘❯P❙ ❚❍■❘❉ ❚❆▲❑ ❆❚ ▼❆❙❚❊❘❈▲❆❙❙ ❖◆ ❱❖◆ ◆❊❯▼❆◆◆ ❆▲●❊❇❘❆❙ ❆◆❉ ●❘❖❯P ❆❈❚■❖◆❙ ✶✳ ❈r♦ss❡❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ■❢ A ⊆ B(H) ✐s ❛ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛ ❛♥❞ G ✐s ❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛♥❞ α : G → ❆✉t(A) ✐s ❛ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ G ♦♥ A✱ ❧❡t ✭✶✳✶✮ (π(a)ξ)(g) = α−1

g (a)ξ(g),

∀ξ ∈ l2(G, H), a ∈ A ❛♥❞ ✭✶✳✷✮ (λ(g)ξ)(h) = ξ(h−1g), ∀ξ ∈ l2(G, H), g ∈ G ❉❡✜♥❡ ✭✶✳✸✮ M := A ⋊ G := (π(A) ∪ λ(G))′′ t❤❡♥ ✭✶✳✹✮ λ(g)π(a)λ(g)∗ = π(αg(a)) ❛♥❞ ✐❢ ✇❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② a ✇✐t❤ π(a) ∈ M✱ ✇❡ ❣❡t ✭✶✳✺✮ M := (A ∪ λ(G))′′ ❛♥❞ ✭✶✳✻✮ λ(g)aλ(g)∗ = αg(a). ✷✳ ●r♦✉♣ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ s♣❛❝❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❆s ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❛s❡ t❛❦❡ A = L∞(X, µ) ✇❤❡r❡ X ✐s ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❇♦r❡❧ s♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ µ ✐s ❛ σ✲✜♥✐t❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❧❡t αg(f) = f(σ−1

g x) ❢♦r ❛♥ ❛❝t✐♦♥ σ : g → ❆✉t(X, [µ])✱

t❤❡ ❇♦r❡❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ X ♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❝❧❛ss✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✳ σ ✐s ❛♥ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ✐✛ ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② G✲✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❇♦r❡❧s❡t B ⊆ X ❡✐t❤❡r µ(B) = 0 ♦r µ(X\B) = 0✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✷✳ σ ✐s ❢r❡❡ ✐❢ ❢♦r µ✲❛❧♠♦st ❛❧❧ x ∈ X g → gx ✐s ❛ ✶✲t♦✲✶✲♠❛♣ ❢r♦♠ G t♦ X✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✸ ✭▼✉rr❛② ✰ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥✱ ≈ ✶✾✹✵✮✳ ■❢ σ ✐s ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ t❤❡♥ M = L∞(X, µ) ⋊α G ✐s ❛ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❞ A = L∞(X, µ) ✐s ❛ ▼❆❙❆ ✭♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❛❜❡❧✐❛♥ s❡❧❢❛❞❥♦✐♥t s✉❜❛❧❣❡❜r❛✮ ✐♥ M✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✹ ✭▼✉rr❛② ✰ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥✱ ≈ ✶✾✹✵✮✳ ❆ss✉♠❡ ❛ ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❛❝t✐♦♥

  • M ✐s ❛ I∞✲❢❛❝t♦r ✐✛ Ω ✐s ✐♥✜♥✐t❡ ❜✉t ❝♦✉♥t❛❜❧❡
  • M ✐s ❛ II1✲❢❛❝t♦r ✐✛ Ω ✐s ✉♥❝♦✉♥t❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st ❛ G✲✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ✜♥✐t❡

♠❡❛s✉r❡ ν ∈ [µ]

  • M ✐s ❛ II∞✲❢❛❝t♦r ✐✛ Ω ✐s ✉♥❝♦✉♥t❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐sts ❛ G✲✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t σ✲

✜♥✐t❡✱ ❜✉t ♥♦t ✜♥✐t❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ν ∈ [µ]

❉❛t❡✿ ✷✼✴✵✶✴✷✵✶✵✳

slide-2
SLIDE 2

✷ ❯❋❋❊ ❍❆❆●❊❘❯P❙ ❚❍■❘❉ ❚❆▲❑ ❆❚ ▼❆❙❚❊❘❈▲❆❙❙ ❖◆ ❱❖◆ ◆❊❯▼❆◆◆ ❆▲●❊❇❘❆❙ ❆◆❉ ●❘❖❯P ❆❈❚■❖◆❙

  • M ✐s ❛ III✲❢❛❝t♦r ✐✛ Ω ✐s ✉♥❝♦✉♥t❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①✐st ❛ G✲✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t

σ✲✜♥✐t❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ν ∈ [µ] ❋r♦♠ ♥♦✇ ♦♥ ✇❡ ❧♦♦❦ ❛t t❤❡ II1✲❢❛❝t♦r ❝❛s❡ ♦♥❧②✳ ▲❡t (X, µ) ❜❡ ❛ ✉♥❝♦✉♥t❛❜❧❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❇♦r❡❧ s♣❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❧❡t σ : G → ❆✉t(X, µ) ❜❡ ❛ ❇♦r❡❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ X ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧❡❛✈❡s µ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t✳ ◆♦✇ ❞❡✜♥❡ M = L∞(X, µ) ⋊σ G✳ ❚❤❡♥ A = L∞(X, µ) ✐s ❛ ❈❛rt❛♥ ▼❆❙❆ ✐♥ M✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❈❛rt❛♥ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ❢♦r N(A) = {u ∈ U(M)|uAa∗ = A} ❤♦❧❞s N(A)′′ = M✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✺ ✭❱♦✐❝✉❧❡s❝✉ ≈ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❋♦r 2 ≤ n < ∞✱ L(Fn) ❤❛s ♥♦ ❈❛rt❛♥ ▼❆❙❆✳ ❍❡♥❝❡ L(Fn) ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ s♣❛❝❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ✸✳ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❆ss✉♠❡ (A1 ⊆ M1) ❛♥❞ (A2 ⊆ M2) ❜♦t❤ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♠❡❛✉s✉r❡ s♣❛❝❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ (Xi, µi, Γi, σi) ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝✳ ❲❡ ✇r✐t❡ (A1 ⊆ M1) ∼ = (A2 ⊆ M2) ✐✛ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐sts ❛ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛ ✐s♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ θ : M1 → M2 ✇✐t❤ θA1 = A2✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✻✳ (Γ1, σ1) ✐s ♦r❜✐t ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ✭❖❊✮ t♦ (Γ2, σ2) ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st ♥✉❧❧s❡ts N1 ⊆ Xi ❛♥❞ ❛ ❇♦r❡❧ ✐s♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ χ : X1\N1 → A2\N2 ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ σ1✲♦r❜✐ts ♦♥t♦ σ2✲♦r❜✐ts✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✼ ✭❙✐♥❣❡r ✶✾✺✺✮✳ (A1 ⊆ M1) ∼ = (A2 ⊆ M2) ✐✛ (Γ1, σ1) ✐s ❖❊ t♦ (Γ2, σ2)✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✽✳ ▲❡t α : Γ → ❆✉t(X, µ) ❛♥❞ x, y ∈ X t❤❡♥ x ∼α y ✐✛ x ❛♥❞ y ❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ Γ✲♦r❜✐t✱ t❤❛t ✐s y = αγ(x) ❢♦r s♦♠❡ γ ∈ Γ✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✾ ✭❉②❡✱ ✶✾✺✾✮✳ ❆♥② t✇♦ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ Z ♦♥ (X, µ) ❛r❡ ❖❊✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✶✵ ✭❖r♥st❡✐♥ ✰ ❲❡✐ss✮✳ ■❢ Γ1, Γ2 ❛r❡ ❛♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ❛❝t✐♥❣ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝❧② ♦♥ (Xi, µi) t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❖❊✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✶✶ ✭❈♦♥♥❡s ✰ ❲❡✐ss✮✳ ■❢ Γ ❤❛s ♣r♦♣❡rt② ❚ t❤❡♥ ✐t ❤❛s ❛t ❧❡❛st t✇♦ ♥♦♥✲❖❊ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ (Xi, µi)✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✶✷ ✭❋✉r♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳ ■❢ Γ ❤❛s ❛♥ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ (X, µ) ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❖❊ t♦ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ SL(2, Z) ♦♥ Tn = Rn/Zn ❢♦r n ≥ 3 t❤❡♥ Γ ∼ = SL(n, Z)✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✸✳ ▲❡t Y ⊆ X ❜❡ ❇♦r❡❧ s♣❛❝❡s ❛♥❞ α ❛ ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ G ♦♥ t❤❡s❡✳ ❲❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ Rα ❜② x ∼α y ✐❢ x, y ❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ G✲♦r❜✐t✱ ❛♥❞ Rα ⊆ X × X ❜② Rα = {(x, y)|x ∼a lphay} ❛♥❞ Rα|Y = Rα ∩ Y × Y ✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✶✹✳ ■❢ G ✐s ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❛❝t✐♥❣ ♦♥ (X, µ)✱ ❛♥❞ Y, Z ⊆ X ❛r❡ ❇♦r❡❧✱ ✇✐t❤ µ(Y ) = µ(Z) > 0 t❤❡♥ Rα|Y ∼OE Rα|Z✳ ❈♦r♦❧❧❛r② ✶✺✳ ▲❡t A ⊆ M ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠ (X, µ, G, α) ✇✐t❤ α ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝✳ ▲❡t p, q ∈ P(A) s✉❝❤ t❤❛t τ(p) = τ(q) t❤❡♥ (pA ⊆ pMp) ∼ = (qA ⊆ qMq)✳ ✹✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦♣ t❤❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✻✳ ▲❡t A ⊆ M ❛♥❞ ❧❡t t ∈]0, 1]✱ ❝❤♦♦s❡ pt ∈ P(A) s✉❝❤ t❤❛t τ(p) = t✳ ❉❡✜♥❡ (At ⊆ Mt) ❜② t❤❡ ✐s♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ (ptA ⊆ ptMpt)✳ ❋♦r t > 0 ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❞❡✜♥❡ (At ⊆ Mt) ❛s t❤❡ ✐s♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ (A ⊗ Dn(C))t/n ⊆ (M ⊗ Mn(C))t/n ✇❤❡r❡ Dn ⊆ Mn ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ n ≥ t✳ ■t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ♣r♦✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✐s♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ❝❧❛ss ✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ n✳

slide-3
SLIDE 3

❯❋❋❊ ❍❆❆●❊❘❯P❙ ❚❍■❘❉ ❚❆▲❑ ❆❚ ▼❆❙❚❊❘❈▲❆❙❙ ❖◆ ❱❖◆ ◆❊❯▼❆◆◆ ❆▲●❊❇❘❆❙ ❆◆❉ ●❘❖❯P ❆❈❚■❖◆❙ ✸

❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✼✳ P✉t F(Rα) = F(A ⊆ M) ✭✹✳✶✮ = {t > 0|(At ⊆ Mt) ∼ = (A ⊆ M)} ✭✹✳✷✮ = ❣r♣{τ(p)|p ∈ P(A), (pA ⊆ pMp) ∼ = (A ⊆ M)} ✭✹✳✸✮ = {τ(p) τ(q)|p, q ∈ P(A), (pA ⊆ pMp) ∼ = (qA ⊆ qMq)} ✭✹✳✹✮ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✶✽ ✭●❛❜r✐❛✉✱ ✷✵✵✵ ✰ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t G ❛❝ts ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐s ♦♥ (X, µ)✳ ■❢ ❡✐t❤❡r

  • ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ L2✲❇❡tt✐ ♥✉♠❜❡rs β(2)

k

❢♦r k ∈ N ✐s ♥♦♥✲③❡r♦ ♦❣

  • t❤❡ ❝♦st C(G) ♦❢ G ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ 1

t❤❡♥ F(Rα) = {1}✳ ✺✳ ❈♦st ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ▲❡t Rα ❜❡ ❛♥ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧♥❡❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥♠✐♥❣ ❢r✐♠ ❛ ❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ G ♦r s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝✉t ❞♦✇♥ t♦ ❛ ❇♦r❡❧ s❡t✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✶✾✳ ❆ ❣r❛♣❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ Rα ✐s ❛ ❝♦✉♥t❛❜❧❡ ❢❛♠✐❧② Φ = (φi)i∈I ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❇♦r❡❧ ✐s♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠s φi : Ai → Bi ✇❤❡r❡ Ai, Bi ⊆ X ❛r❡ ❇♦r❡❧ s❡ts✱ s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❢♦r φ(x) ∼α x ❢♦r ❛❧❧ x ∈ Aj ❛♥❞ t❤❛t Rα ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② {φi(x) ∼α x|i ∈ I, x ∈ Ai}✳ ❘❡♠❛r❦ ✷✵✳ ❯♥❞❡r t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❞♦ φi ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r µ(Ai) = µ(Bi) ❢♦r ❛❧❧ i ∈ I✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✷✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤✐♥❣ Φ ♦❢ Rα ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s ✭✺✳✶✮ C(Φ) =

  • i∈I

µ(Ai) ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ Rα ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s ✭✺✳✷✮ C(Rα) = inf

Φ C(Φ)

✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✜♠✉♠ ✐s t❛❦❡♥ ♦✈❡r ❛❧❧ ❣r❛♣❤✐♥❣s ♦❢ Rα✳ ❲❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❜② ✭✺✳✸✮ C(Γ) = inf

α C(Rα)

t❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ❛ ❣r♦✉♣✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✜♠✉♠ ✐s t❛❦❡♥ ♦✈❡r ❛❧❧ ❢r❡❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ Γ ❛♥❞ Γ ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ✜①❡❞ ♣r✐❝❡ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❝♦st ✐s ❡q✉❛❧ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❢r❡❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥s α✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✷✷ ✭●❛❜r✐❛✉✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ❛ ❣r♦✉♣ ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❤❡♥❝❡ ✐t ✐s ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠✮✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✸ ✭●❛❜r✐❛✉✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳

  • ❋♦r 2 ≤ n ≤ ∞ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ C(Fn) = n ❛♥❞ Fn ❤❛s ✜①❡❞ ♣r✐③❡✳
  • C(SL(2, Z)) = 13

12 ❛♥❞ ✐t ❤❛s ✜①❡❞ ♣r✐③❡✳

  • C(PSL(2, Z)) = 7

6 ❛♥❞ ✐t ❤❛s ✜①❡❞ ♣r✐③❡✳

  • ■❢ Λ ⊆ Γ ✐s ❛ s✉❜❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡ ✐♥❞❡① [Γ : Λ] = |Γ/Λ| < ∞ t❤❡♥ C(Λ) =

1 + [Γ : Λ](C(Γ) − 1)✳ ■❢ Γ ❤❛s ✜①❡❞ ♣r✐③❡ s♦ ❤❛s Λ✳

  • ■❢ Γ = Γ1 ⋆ Γ2 ✭❢r❡❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✮ ❛♥❞ Γ1, Γ2 ❤❛✈❡ ✜①❡❞ ♣r✐③❡ t❤❡♥ C(Γ) =

C(Γ1) + C(Γ2) ❛♥❞ ✜①❡❞ ♣r✐③❡✳

  • ■❢ |Γ| < ∞ t❤❡♥ C(Γ) = 1 − 1

Γ

slide-4
SLIDE 4

✹ ❯❋❋❊ ❍❆❆●❊❘❯P❙ ❚❍■❘❉ ❚❆▲❑ ❆❚ ▼❆❙❚❊❘❈▲❆❙❙ ❖◆ ❱❖◆ ◆❊❯▼❆◆◆ ❆▲●❊❇❘❆❙ ❆◆❉ ●❘❖❯P ❆❈❚■❖◆❙

  • ■❢ |Γ| = ∞ t❤❡♥ C(Γ) ≥ 1
  • ■❢ Γ ✐s ✐♥✜♥✐t❡ ❛♠❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ t❤❡♥ C(Γ) = 1

❘❡♠❛r❦ ✷✹✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r❡❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ❛❜♦✈❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠ ❜❡❡✐♥❣ s✉❜r❣♦✉♣s ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✐♥ F2✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✐s ❛ s✉❜❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✐♥ SL(2, Z) r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ PSL(2, Z)✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✷✺ ✭●❛❜r✐❛✉✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❋♦r Y ⊆ X ❇♦r❡❧✱ µ(Y ) > 0 t❤❡r❡ ❤♦❧❞s C(Rα|Y )− 1 =

1 µ(Y )(C(Rα) − 1)✳

❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✷✻ ✭●❛❜r✐❛✉✮✳ ■❢ Γ ❛❝ts ❢r❡❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝❧② ♦♥ (X, µ) ❛♥❞ C(Γ) > 1 t❤❡♥ F(Rα) = F(A ⊆ M) = {1}✳ Pr♦♦❢✳ ▲❡t α : Γ → ❆✉t(X, µ) ❜❡ ❛ ❢r❡❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡♥ 1 < C(Γ) ≤ C(Rα)✳ ◆♦✇ ❧❡t t ∈]0, 1[ ❛♥❞ ❝❤♦♦s❡ Y ⊆ X ❇♦r❡❧ s❡t s✉❝❤ t❤❛t µ(Y ) = t ❤❡♥❝❡ ✭✺✳✹✮ C(Rα|Y ) = 1 + 1 µ(Y )(C(Rα) − 1) > C(Rα). ❇✉t ❖❊ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝♦st ❤❡♥❝❡ Rα|Y ≁ Rα ❛♥❞ ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ❬❙✐♥❣❡r✱ ✶✾✺✺❪ ❣✐✈❡s ✉s (pA ⊆ pMp) ≇ (A ⊆ M) ✇❤❡♥ p ∈ P(A) ✇✐t❤ τ(p) = t✳ ❆s t❤✐s ❤♦❧❞s ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t ∈]0, 1[ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ F(Rα)∩]0, 1[= ∅ ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡ ✭❛s F ✐s ❛ ❣r♦✉♣✮ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ F(Rα) = {1}✳