P; HE: a dl t 5st CS E.g .9 ?E-c=-o fi:gE C6 X ? -vi - - PDF document

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P; HE: a dl t 5st CS E.g .9 ?E-c=-o fi:gE C6 X ? -vi - - PDF document

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SLIDE 2

Threats of Climate Change

  • n Medicinal Plants

Symposium on Climate Change and Biodiversity Jakarta, 11th. June 2014 Ernawati Sinaga

Center for Medicinal Plants Research Universitas Nasional

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SLIDE 3

CLIMATE CHANGE

GLOBAL T H R E A T

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SLIDE 4

CLIMATE CHANGE

Disaster..... Hunger...... Diseases.....

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SLIDE 5

Climate Change

  • Warming is decreasing frost, snow and ice

cover.

  • Rain may increase in some areas, particularly

high latitudes, but decrease in others.

  • More frequent wildfires
  • Longer periods of drought in some regions
  • Floods in other regions
  • Increase in the number, duration and intensity
  • f tropical storms
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SLIDE 6

T H E G R E A T E S T GLOBAL T H R E A T

CLIMATE CHANGE

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SLIDE 7

b

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SLIDE 8
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SLIDE 9
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SLIDE 10

Climate Change

  • Increasing of global temperature:

– Now ca. 0.6°C greater than pre-industrially – est. 2100: 1.40 C to 5.80 C greater – 4.2°C greater towards the end of the 21st century

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SLIDE 11
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SLIDE 12
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SLIDE 13
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SLIDE 14
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SLIDE 15

Climate Change

  • Increasing of CO2 level in the atmosfer

– CO2 pre-industrial was ca. 280 µl l−1 – Now 376 µl l−1 – Est. 21--: 700 µl l−1

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SLIDE 16
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SLIDE 17
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SLIDE 18

Climate Change

  • Tropospheric (lower-atmosphere)

concentrations of O3 have increased by 20 – 50% (average, 38%) since the pre-industrial era (Denman et al., 2007)

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SLIDE 19
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SLIDE 20

A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems

Camille Parmesan* & Gary Yohe (Nature 421, 2003)

  • Meta analysis on diverse species: more than 1,700 species
  • Phenological (timing) shifts, range boundary shifts, and

community studies on species abundances ‘very high confidence conclusion’

climate change is already affecting living systems

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SLIDE 21

CLIMA CLIMATE TE CHANGE CHANGE CO CO2

& PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION

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SLIDE 22

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Health/ Sturdiness Primary Metabolism Secondary Metabolism Reproduction

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SLIDE 23

Plant’s response to climate change Migration Adaption Extinct

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SLIDE 24
  • Species with long life cycles and/or slow

dispersal are particularly vulnerable

  • Isolated or disjunct species are particularly

vulnerable, as they may have 'nowhere to go‘ Arctic and alpine species, and Island endemics

Climate change reduce biodiversity of medicinal plants

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SLIDE 25
  • Some plant communities or species

associations may be lost as species move and adapt at different rates.

  • Many plant communities act as 'sinks' (store

carbon), which helps to offset carbon

  • emissions. However, over the next 70 years,

the effects of climate change on plants mean many terrestrial sinks may become sources

Climate change reduce biodiversity of medicinal plants

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SLIDE 26
  • Increased invasions by alien species may
  • ccur, as conditions become more suitable for

exotic species whilst native species become less well suited to their environment (for example, Bromus is more invasive in wet years (Smith et al, 2000)).

Climate change reduce biodiversity of medicinal plants

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SLIDE 27
  • Elevated concentration of CO2 altered the

expression of three soybean diseases, namely downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica), brown spots (Septoria glycines) and sudden death syndrome (Fusarium virguliforme)

  • Increased resistance to powdery mildew

(Blumeria graminis) in barley

Climate change affect the plant’s pests & diseases

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SLIDE 28

Climate change affect the plant’s pests & diseases

  • In North America, needle blight (Dothistroma

septosporum) is reported to be spreading northwards with increasing temperature and precipitation

  • Higher threat of late blight (Phytophthora

infestans) and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) disease on potato

  • Higher risk of blast (Pyricularia oryzae)

disease in rice

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SLIDE 29

Climate change may change plant genetic as adaptive response

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SLIDE 30

Attunement to climate change

  • Phenotypic plasticity: the capacity of a particular

genotype to produce varied phenotypes in response to different environments

  • Dispersal of seed & pollen: dispersal processes

can create a shift in gene frequencies and introduce novel genotypes from different populations

  • Genetic change: creating novel genes by mutation
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SLIDE 31

Climate change influences the shift in species distribution

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SLIDE 32

Climate change altered the plant phenology

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SLIDE 33

Climate change affects the production

  • f secondary metabolites
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SLIDE 34
  • 25% produk

farmasi dunia dihasilkan dari tumbuhan obat

atropine Atropa belladonna codeine Papaver somniferum cocaine Erythroxylon coca ephedrine Ephedra sinica digoxin Digitalis purpurea quinine Cinchona officinalis colchicine Colchicum autumnale scopolamine Datura fastuosa reserpine Rauvolfia serpentina capsaicin Capsicum frutescens salicylin Salix purpurea vincristine Catharanthus roseus taxol Taxus brevifolia curcumin Curcuma domestica

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SLIDE 35
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SLIDE 36

Effect of CO2 level

  • n the production of

secondary metabolites

  • Responses are species-specific & PSM-

specific

  • Responses could be physiologically &short-

term) or genetically & permanently

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SLIDE 37

Effect of O3 level

  • n the production of

secondary metabolites

  • Ozone contributes to oxidative stress and

proliferation of oxygen radicals leads to the up-regulation of genes and enzymes associated with the shikimate-phenylpropanoid pathway

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SLIDE 38
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SLIDE 39
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SLIDE 40
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SLIDE 41

Plant response to climate change varies with topography, interactions with neighbors, and ecotype

Pierre Liancourt et al, Univ. Pennsylvania esa Ecology 94(2), 2013

  • Festuca lenensis
  • Three-years experiment set in the Mongolian steppe
  • Manipulated temperature and water
  • Controlling for topographic variation, plant–plant

interactions, and ecotypic differentiation

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SLIDE 42

Plant response to climate change varies with topography, interactions with neighbors, and ecotype

− Plant survival and growth responses to a warmer, drier climate varied within the landscape. − Response to simulated increased precipitation occurred

  • nly in the absence of neighbors, demonstrating that

plant–plant interactions can supersede the effects of climate change. − Response of this species to increased precipitation was ecotype specific, with water addition benefiting only the least stress-tolerant ecotype from the lower slope origin

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SLIDE 43

Plant response to climate change varies with topography, interactions with neighbors, and ecotype

− F. lenensis also showed evidence of local adaptation in populations that were only 300 m apart:

  • Individuals from the steep and dry upper slope

showed a higher stress/drought tolerance, whereas

  • Individuals from the more productive lower slope

showed a higher biomass production and a greater ability to cope with competition.

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SLIDE 44

Conclusions

  • Climate change threats medicinal plants in

various aspects: – Extinction Biodiversity reduction – Health & Sturdiness

−Pests and diseases −Physiological conditions

– Reduction in production of secondary metabolites – Genetic modification

  • aaa
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SLIDE 45

Recommendations

  • Seed conservation Seed Bank
  • Developing plants that accommodate/tolerate

climate change genetic engineering (e.g.analyzing genome of heat and drought resistant)

  • Tissue culture techniques for producing

secondary metabolites biotransformation technology

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SLIDE 46

Recommendations

  • Study the potential and real threats of climate

change on medicinal plants

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SLIDE 47

Th Than ank You k You Te Terim rimakasi akasih

ersinaga2003@yahoo.com.sg; warekppm@unas.ac.id