Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Neha Rustagi Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative- Spring Symposium Cambridge, MA- June 3, 2019
Hydrogen is Part of an All of the Above Portfolio Very High Specific Energy Many applications H 2 can be produced rely on or could from diverse benefit from H 2 domestic sources About three times more energy by mass than gasoline. But worse in terms of volume. Clean , sustainable, versatile, and efficient energy carrier U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 2
PEM Fuel Cells 101 Re Relies on a an electrochemi mical reacti tion Anode s side (an oxidation reaction): 2H 2 => 4 2H 4H + + 4 4e - Cathode s side (a reduction reaction): 4H + + 4 4e - => 2 O 2 + 4 2H 2 O O Net r reaction (the "redox" reaction): 2H 2 + O 2H O 2 => 2 2H 2 O O U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 3
Fuel Cell Shipments - Growth by Application 800 MW Fuel Cell Power Shipped (MW) fuel cell power 900 shipped worldwide 800 700 600 68,500 Megawatts 500 fuel cell units 400 shipped worldwide 300 200 100 Approximately $2.3 Billion 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 fuel cell revenue * Transport Stationary Portable Source: DOE and E4Tech * Revenue from publicly available U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 4
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles are Here Commercial fuel cell electric cars are here Honda Clarity >6,800 sold or leased in the United States As of Dec 2017 Toyota Mirai No petroleum, no pollution Refuels in minutes More than 360 mi driving range Over 60 mpgge Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell SUV U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 5
Multiple H 2 and Fuel Cell Applications in the U.S. U.S. Snapshot States with Growing Interest Latest News: 200 stations by 2025 in CA >240MW Backup Power More than $180M* >20,000 Forklifts The total amount states have invested in H 2 >30 infrastructure in the past decade* Fuel Cell Buses >40 H 2 retail stations CA HI, OH, SC, NY, CT, MA, CO, UT, • 200 stations planned >6,800 TX, MI, and others with interest • 40 public stations open • Over $27M invested • $150M invested fuel cell cars • 12-25 stations planned in the NE • $235M announced in 2018 *Excludes recent announcement from CA to invest $235M in electric vehicles U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 6
Vehicles Well-to-Wheels Emissions- Examples Low, Medium & High Emissions/Mile for 2015 Technology HEV HEV ER ERE IC ICE BE BEV FCE FC BE BEV FC FCE IC ICE ER ERE HEV HEV Hybrid Electric Battery Electric Extended-Range Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Cell Electric Electric Current gasoline ICEV: ~450 Honda Civic 360 Nissan Versa 343 Chevy Cruze Diesel 366 Honda Civic CNG 329 Toyota Prius 254 Chevy Volt 280 230 Nissan Leaf 216 Chevy Spark 252 Toyota Mirai (NG) 187 Toyota Mirai (33% Renewable) 160 210 260 310 360 410 Grams of CO2e per Mile Source: Program Record 16004 Joint VTO-FCTO Analysis Example ( https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16004_life-cycle_ghg_oil_use_cars.pdf ) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 7
Life-Cycle Petroleum Use- Examples Low, Medium & High Petroleum Energy/Mile for 2015 Technology BEV FCE ICE ERE HEV Fuel Cell Electric Internal Combustion Engine Extended-Range Battery Electric Hybrid Electric Current gasoline ICEV: 4300 Electric Honda Civic 3523 Nissan Versa 3324 Chevy Cruze Diesel 3664 Honda Civic CNG 98 Toyota Prius 2353 1340 Chevy Volt 113 Nissan Leaf Chevy Spark 109 226 Toyota Mirai (NG) 178 Toyota Mirai (33% Renewable) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Btu of Petroleum Energy per Mile Joint VTO-FCTO Analysis Example Source: Program Record 16004 (https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16004_life-cycle_ghg_oil_use_cars.pdf) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 8
Potential Opportunities for Larger Vehicles/Long Range FCEVs : Lower cost for large size classes and longer driving range Year 2040: FCEV minus BEV-X Total Cost of Ownership Green shows where FCEVs are more cost effective 350 mi. 50 mi. 100 mi. 150 mi. 200 mi. 250 mi. 300 mi. Two-seaters Minicompacts Subcompacts Compacts Potential for Midsize Cars lower cost Large Cars driving with Small Station Wagons fuel cells Pass Van SUV Small Pickup Source: DOE Market Segmentation Study, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X18300056 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 9
Real World Applications – In the U.S. Long-Range, Heavy Duty Applications Emerging >2,000 fuel cell buses planned for deployment worldwide Fuel cell delivery and parcel trucks >14,000 heavy duty fuel cell trucks starting deliveries in CA and NY ordered in the U.S. to date U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 10
Real World Applications – In the U.S. Other Emerging Applications for Fuel Cells Example C Case S Study o of W f Well-to to-wa waves Emissions o of F f Ferries P Powered b by Hydrogen vs vs. D . Diesel i in C California 1 4,500 Criteria Pollutant Emissions (kg/year) NOx 4,000 Hydrocarbons 3,500 PM10 Fuel cell ferry being developed in CA. 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 1.4 0.5 14.2 3 0 Hydrogen Fuel 100% Renewable Diesel from Natural Gas Hydrogen Fuel 2 2 World’s first hydrogen fuel cell train in 1. Source: Sandia National Laboratories, https://glosten.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/SAND2018- operation in Germany. 4664_Zero-V_Feasibility_Report_8.5x11_Spreads_FINALDRAFT_compress.pdf. Funded by U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration. 2. Assuming liquid hydrogen distribution 3. Assuming ferry is designed compliant with EPA Tier 4 emission requirements. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 11
DOE Cost Status and Targets for R&D Fuel Cell R&D Hydrogen R&D Onboard Storage Production, Delivery & Dispensing System ( 700-bar compressed system ) $230/kW + $21/kWh $16/gge + $180/kW* $13/gge $ 75/kW ~ Durability adjusted (preliminary) $16/kWh $ 50/kW 100K/yr $10/gge* 100K/yr $14/kWh to $ 45/kW $5/gge** 500K/yr 500K/yr <$4/gge $ 30/kW $8/kWh † Range assumes current production from NG and delivery and dispensing. † Based on commercially available FCEVs * Highest possible cost at high vol., assumes H2 from electrolysis at $5/gge and delivery via pipelines and liquid tankers at $5/gge * Based on state of the art technology ** Lowest possible cost at high vol., assumes H2 from SMR at $2/gge and delivery via tube trailer at $3/gge High-Volume Projection Low-Volume Estimate Ultimate Targets Notes: Graphs not drawn to scale and are for illustration purposes only. gge: gallon of gasoline equivalent U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 12
H2@Scale: Enabling Affordable, Reliable, Clean, and Secure Energy across Sectors Conventional Storage More information at: www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/h2-scale U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 13
Hydrogen can Enable Grid-Scale Energy Storage Potential for Global H 2 Demand 10-fold increase by 2050 1 1. Source: Hydrogen Council U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 14
H2@Scale Analysis: Estimated Maximum Scale for Hydrogen Maximum growth potential of hydrogen Maximum Scale # (MMT* H 2 / year) by 2050 is 16X. Application Refineries & CPI § 8 Metals 12 Ammonia 4 Synthetic Fuels and 14 Chemicals Biofuels 4 Natural Gas 10 Supplementation Light Duty (FCEVs) 57 Other Transport 29 (Med/Heavy-Duty FCEVs) Preliminary Results Electricity Storage 28 Economic potential for hydrogen is Total 166 estimated to be 15-50 MMT/yr in 2050 * MMT: Million metric tonnes § CPI: Chemical Processing Industry not including metals, ammonia, methanol, or biofuels Light duty vehicle calculation basis: 190,000,000 light-duty FCEVs from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18264/transitions-to-alternative-vehicles-and-fuels * Definition: The maximum scale is the estimated hydrogen demand constrained by the services for which society currently uses energy, real-world geography, and system performance, but not by economics. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 15
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