Outline: Metering ! What makes metering hard? ! the meter doesnt - - PDF document

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Outline: Metering ! What makes metering hard? ! the meter doesnt - - PDF document

Outline: Metering ! What makes metering hard? ! the meter doesnt know what youre looking at ! The Art, Science and Algorithms histograms ! Rule of thumb ! of Photography ! metering technologies ! metering modes


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SLIDE 1

The Art, Science and Algorithms

  • f Photography!

Exposure & Metering! CSCI 4900/6900! Maria Hybinette!

1!

Outline: Metering!

  • What makes metering hard? !

– the meter doesn’t know what you’re looking at !

  • histograms !

– Rule of thumb!

  • metering technologies !
  • metering modes (center, evaluative,...) shooting modes

(Av, Tv, P , M) !

  • exposure compensation!
  • background topics !

– Ansel Adams’ zone system! – Zone system and digital photography!

  • Quiz!

2!

Quiz: Metering!

  • 1. On Auto: you metered black on black (BB), white on white

(WW) and grey on grey (GG): How did the images differ?!

  • 2. For black subject on white background (WSWB), Which

metering from (1) worked best?!

  • 3. For a white subject on a black background (WSBB) Which

metering from (1) worked best?!

  • 4. Assume you had reading available from (BB), (WW) and (GG)

but now your meter is broken:!

a) For a black subject on a white background (BSWB) how would you expose your image? [you can still adjust shutter and aperture)! b) How about a white subject black background?!

  • 5. Suppose you did not have a metered reading for (GG) but only

for BB and WW, how would you now expose BSWB and WSBB?!

3!

What Makes Metering Hard?!

  • light meters are not magical they don’t know

what you are looking at & what you want.!

  • so they assume the scene is “middle” gray

(18% reflective) [12%-14%]!

  • the world is full of hard metering problems...!

4! 5!

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6!

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SLIDE 2

Another Problem: Contrast!

  • Foreground too dark!
  • Sky is too bright!
  • Contrast:!

– measure of the difference in brightness between light and dark areas in a scene.!

  • Here the contrast is too great between the

brightest bright and darkest dark:!

– High Dynamic Range.!

7!

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Real World Dynamic Range!

  • The range of illumination levels that we

encounter is 10 to 12 orders of magnitudes!

– Eye can adapt from ~10-6 to 106 cd/m2! – Often 100,000 levels in a scene!

  • Negatives/sensors record 2-3 orders of magnitude!
  • How do we center this window? Exposure

problem? (today we will focus on this)!

8!

Metering Modes!

  • Centered average!
  • Spot!
  • Smart metering!

– Learn from database of images (Nikon 30,000 images) , decision process may depend on:!

  • How much brightness from different “areas” of grey?!
  • Local contrast, where is the subject, foreground, background!

– Nikon 3D matrix (multiple segments)! – Canon evaluative!

  • Incident (hand held light meter)!

– Measure incoming light!

9!

Shooting Modes!

  • Aperture priority (Av, A)!

– Photographer sets aperture (so depth of field) an! – Camera sets shutter!

  • Shutter priority (Tv, S)!

– Photographer sets shutter (so motion blur)! – Camera sets aperture!

  • Program (P)!

– Camera sets both, some trade-off options!

  • Manual (M)!

– Photographer sets both (must meter)! – Histogram may help!

10!

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Histograms (simplified for now)!

11!

<G9:

Idea!

12!

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SLIDE 3

White on White: High Key!

13!

What the Camera Did!

  • Underexposed originally left (made it grey)!
  • Corrected on the right!

14!

High Key!

  • Rule of thumb:!

– End up with underexposed images!

  • No blown (or clipped) channels or

highlights!

  • More forgiving!

– Higher signal to noise!

15!

Low Key!

16! 17!

  • Overexposed: clipped/blown channels!

Low Key!

  • Prone to overexposure!
  • Details cannot be recovered.!

18!

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SLIDE 4

Contrast!

  • Narrow range low contrast e.g., (fog no texture on the

left)!

  • Broad range, high contras e.g., (texture water with a

range of tones).!

19!

Quiz 2!

20!

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Quiz 2: Answer!

21!

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Impossibilities!

22!

E:I+)#(:

What to do?!

  • Fill flash !
  • Graduated Neutral Density Filter!
  • Take multiple exposures (and blend)!
  • But a better camera (film) or a Nikon D3X!
  • Go home!

23!

Bad Histograms?!

24!

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SLIDE 5

How much latitude in Camera?!

  • Nine stops (each stops is double in brightness from its

neighbor) contrast range, plus all black and all white!

– (12 stops Hasselblad, 10 stops Nikon D3X)!

  • Seven stop contrast range, plus all black and all

white!

  • Five stop contrast range, plus all black and all white !

25!

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Film Exposures!

  • Make sure you are exposing the important

areas within the film latitude!

– Underexposing darkest will fall off! – Overexposing you get flat areas without contrast (no texture)!

26!

Film!

  • Exposure controls shadows!
  • Development time controls the highlights!

– Also: the higher the contrast, and the greater the difference between black and white. !

27!

Film Exposure!

  • Best to expose for the shadows, to the left!
  • Rule of thumb, ideal exposure is to place all the

tones of the object except all black, just within the films threshold to the left. !

– Allows for smallest aperture! – Not too dark! – Fine grain, !

28!

Digital Exposure!

  • Expose to the left: Danger Noise!!
  • Digital cameras have disproportional fewer darker

tones than we see with our eyes (lots of bright tones)!

  • Full tonal range of scene:!

29!

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Zone System!

  • roughly 1 f/stop per zone!
  • X = “maximum white of the paper

base”!

  • IX = “slight tonality, but no texture: flat

snow in sunlight”!

  • VIII = “textured snow, lightest wood at

right” ..... [digital exposure]!

  • VII = light/pale skin tones !
  • V = 18% gray card, sky, light foliage!
  • III textured shadows [film exposure]!
  • II first hint of texture!
  • I stuck with these cant contract or

expand after exposure.!

  • 0 = “maximum black that photographic

paper can produce” !

  • lesson for the digital age!

30!

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SLIDE 6

31!

Left to talk about!

Exposure/Metering!

  • Gamma!

– S/N!

  • Bits / RAW and dynamic range!
  • HDR (beginning)!

Next up:!

  • Lenses, focal lengths, distortion and DOF !
  • Camera hacking !

32!

Quiz: Metering!

  • 1. On Auto: you metered black on black (BB), white on white

(WW) and grey on grey (GG): How did the images differ?!

  • 2. For black subject on white background (WSWB), Which

metering from (1) worked best?!

  • 3. For a white subject on a black background (WSBB) Which

metering from (1) worked best?!

  • 4. Assume you had reading available from (BB), (WW) and (GG)

but now your meter is broke!

a) For a black subject on a white background (BSWB) how would you expose your image? [you can still adjust shutter and aperture)! b) How about a white subject black background?!

  • 5. Suppose you did not have a metered reading for (GG) but only

for BB and WW, how would you now expose BSWB and WSBB?!

33! 34!

Slide Credits/Resources!

  • Prof. Fredo Durand!
  • Prof. Marc Levoy!
  • London, Stone, Upton Textbook!
  • Wikipedia!
  • http://www.luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/expose-right.shtml!
  • http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials!
  • http://www.bythom.com/graycards.htm!

– ANSI standard is 12% gray (1/2 stop less than 18% gray on Kodak Gray Cards).! – http://david.spielman.com/Gray_Card/ ANSI_PH3_49_1971.PDF!

35!