Origin of Soils The Geological Cycle 1 1/22/2015 Igneous Rocks - - PDF document

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Origin of Soils The Geological Cycle 1 1/22/2015 Igneous Rocks - - PDF document

Apr 03, 2023 274 likes •494 views

1/22/2015 Origin of Soils The Geological Cycle 1 1/22/2015 Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Intrusive magma cools slowly, producing coarse-grained rocks such as GRANITE Extrusive magma cools quickly, producing fine-grained rocks such as BASALT 2

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Origin of Soils The Geological Cycle

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Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks

Intrusive magma cools slowly, producing coarse-grained rocks such as GRANITE Extrusive magma cools quickly, producing fine-grained rocks such as BASALT

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Physical Weathering

Wind Water Earthquakes Landslides Freeze/Thaw Cycles Growth of Ice, Salt Crystals Growth of Plant Roots

Chemical Weathering

Oxidation – chemical addition of oxygen Reduction – addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen Hydration – chemical addition of water Carbonation – dissolution by carbonic acid

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Products of Weathering

Rock Type Granite Basalt Shale / Slate Sandstone Limestone Soil Type Silty Sands Clayey Soil Clay / Silt Sand Clay / Silt

Transportation / Deposition

Transporting Agent Gravity Water

Streams Rainfall

Ice Wind Soil Type Colluvial Alluvial

Fluvial Pluvial

Glacial Aeolian

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Sedimentary Rocks

www.docstoc.com

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

Formed when sediment consolidates under the weight of overlying soil or is cemented in place by minerals (SiO2, CaCO3, FeO, MgO)

Gravel = conglomerate (rounded) or breccia (angular) Sand = sandstone Silt = siltstone Clay = shale (foliated) or mudstone (massive)

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Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

Formed by biological / chemical processes

Limestone – CaCO3 deposited by organic or inorganic processes Chalk – CaCO3 deposited by single-cell animals in ocean environment Gypsum – CaSO4 precipitate formed by the evaporation of seawater Rock salt – NaCl precipitate formed by the evaporation of seawater Coal – Carbon formed from decomposing plant and animal matter

Metamorphic Rocks

Produced when rocks are changed by combination

  • f heat, pressure, shearing stresses

Granite  Gneiss Basalt  Schist Shale  Slate  Schist Sandstone  Quartzite Limestone  Marble

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Soil Deposits Residual Soils

http://echo2.epfl.ch/VICAIRE/mod_3/chapt_1/main.htm

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Colluvial Soils (Talus Slope)

GeologyCafé.com

Braided Streams

http://www.mccullyweb.com/glossary/defs/braided.jpg

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Meandering Streams

http://www.scienceclarified.com/landforms/images/ueol_03_img0108.jpg

Youthful Streams

http://www.personal.kent.edu/~cschweit/Stark/Romaniastream.gif

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Mature Streams

http://faculty.ccc.edu/cdl/Courses/geology201/labs/streams/Streams.htm

Meander Topography

http://www.ohiodnr.com/Portals/7/pubs/fs_gifs/stfs03fig4.gif

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Old Age Streams

http://notendur.hi.is/oi/Siberia%20photos/Meandering%20river%20on%20the%20Yamal%20tundra.jpg

Alluvial Soil (Alluvial Fan)

http://www.rmnp.com/RMNP-Areas-HorseshoePark-AlluvialFan.html

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Alluvial Soil (River Delta)

http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/19/kenai-river-delta_1958.jpg

Lacustrine Soil (Varved Clay)

http://www.anr.state.vt.us/DEC/GEO/images/varveswaterbury.jpg

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Glacial Soils

coxclasses.com

Glacial Till

http://polar3.home.att.net/northpole-pics/thule/thule-glacial-rubble.jpg

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Glacial Till

http://jesse.usra.edu/articles/iceagemodule/resources/images/moraine_till_svalbard.jpg

Glacial Till

http://www.sfu.ca/geog351fall02/gp2/geography/PROJECT/till.jpg

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Outwash Plains

coxclasses.com

Outwash Plains

http://imgarcade.com/1/glacial-outwash-diagram/

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Aeolian Soil (Dust Storm) Aeolian Soil (Sand Storm)

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Aeolian Soil (Volcanic Ash) Origins of Loess

http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/info/eolian/14.gif

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Loess in the US

http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/info/eolian/1213.gif

Loess

http://www.outreach.canterbury.ac.nz/resources/geology/glossary/loess.jpg

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Loess

http://www.uamont.edu/facultyweb/francis/soilprofiles/WIowaLoessBluffs.jpg

Organic Soils

  • Found in low-lying areas where water

table is near or above the surface

  • Water promotes plant growth which

decomposes to form organic soils

  • Tend to have a high water content
  • Tend to be highly compressible
  • Consolidate over time as water is expelled

due to loads applied to the soil

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Organic Soils (Peat Bog)

https://www.flickr.com/photos/14716771@N05/8281432745/