Building Services Engineering CHALMERS “OPTIMIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL PARTNERS: GROUND-COUPLED 1. Akademiska Hus 2. IVT AB HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS” 3. Nibe AB 4. Thermia Värme AB 5. York Refrigeration AB 6. Wilo AB SAQIB JAVED (PhD Researcher) & 7. Grundfos AB 8. Pipetech PER FAHLÉN (Research Leader) 9. NCC 10. TAC 11. ÅF-Infrastruktur AB 12. Huurre TARGETS FOR THE RESEARCH: 13. Carrier AB 14. CTC / Enertech - A calculation tool for complete system optimization 15. ICA Fastigheter Sverige AB - Identification of key efficiency factors (for optimization) 16. Fastighetsägarna Stockholm 17. Borrentreprenörerna - Identification of energy efficient system designs for a 18. SWECO Theorells AB few (to be specified) applications 19. Donghua University 20. Lunds Tekniska Högskola EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS BACKGROUND Uppvärmning och tappvarmvatten inkl elvärme m² kWh/år 350 1970 Changes in the use of energy in buildings: 1970 300 • Decreasing heat demand 1974 Samtliga • Increasing cooling demand 250 LOKALER • Increasing electricity demand 1981 200 1994 1994 Samtliga TWH/år 125 kWh/m 2 /år 180 kWh/m 2 /år FLER- 80 150 BOSTADSHUS 70 Driftel 60 Nya 50 målsättningar 100 40 Hushållsel 30 Elenergi för 20 uppvärmning Kontorshus 80-talet 10 50 Direktel 0 1980 2000 1970 1990 År 0 0 50 100 150 Driftel exkl el för värmning kWh/år m² EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS HEAT PUMP, FREE COOLING AND BOREHOLE STORAGE Solar Radiation Precipitation • Heat source l a Heat Radiation n o temperature changes s • Heat sink a e s y b d e c n • Heat Storage e Groundwater u l f n 10 - 20 m I flow e n o Heat conduction z l a , r r t a In rock u e Borehole e y N Borehole e h Borehole t h Borehole r t e p v e o d e h l b t i w a t s g n e i r s u Geothermal heat flux a t a e r r e c p n m I e T EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS BOREHOLE SYSTEM Dimensioning Factors m x p p Building Load Profile • - Relation between heating/cooling n x p Borehole Load • - Specific heat extraction in winter [kWh/m/year] No. Of boreholes, N = m x n - Specific heat injection in summer [kWh/m/year] Rectangular Configuration Borehole system Geometry • - Depth and number of boreholes Linear Cofiguration - Distance between the boreholes - Configuration of borehole system (rectangular or line configuration) EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS DIMENSIONING FACTORS Geometry factor: Volume of borehole system / heat exchange area • V G = [ m ] A Load factor: Relation between heating and cooling demands • + Q Q ε = [ − ] heating cooling + Q Q heating cooling • Specific borehole load: Relation between building demand and borehole length Q Q c = cooling [ / / ] h = heating [ / / ] q kWh year m q kWh year m L L tot tot = + [ / / ] q q q kWh year m tot c h EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS DIMENSIONING EXAMPLE 10th Year Temperature [°C] q h /q c ; ε 150 / 50; 0,5 50 / 150; -0,5 100 / 100; 0 Design Conditions Min Max Min Max Min Max Line configuration: -2,7 13,8 11,0 31,6 4,3 22,7 1·20 = 20 borehole U configuration: -2,9 13,5 11,7 32,3 4,5 22,8 6·8 ↔ 20 Open rectangle -3,2 13,2 12,4 32,9 4,7 23,0 configuration: 5·7 ↔ 20 Rectangular: -4,2 11,9 15,2 35,4 5,6 23,7 4·5 = 20 borehole EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS BOREHOLE SYSTEM Relation between load profile and geometry 20 Dominated heating demand • - Direct heat exchange G e o m e try fa c to r, G [m ] 15 RECTANGLE - Linear configuration 10 Dominated cooling demand • LINE - Direct heat exchange 5 - Linear configuration 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Balanced heating & cooling demand • Number of boreholes [-] - Heat storage - Rectangular configuration EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS FREE COOLING APPLICATION Astronomy house - Lund Geometry: Specific Borehole Load: • • [ / / ] G = 6 , 7 [ ] kWh year m m 475000 ≈ − 155000 ≈ − 515 155 = = ε = ≈ − 0 . 5 [ ] 130 39 Load Factor: • q q + − h 4000 c 4000 515 155 Measured Quantity MWh/year kWh/m 2 /year Heating demand 515 97 Cooling demand 155 29 Heat from the heat pump 475 89 Auxiliary heat 40 8 Free cooling 130 25 Cooling and heating at same time from the heat pump 15 3 Cooling without heating from the heat pump 10 2 Electricity for the heat pump 104 20 Electricity for the pumps 7 1 EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS FREE COOLING APPLICATION Astronomy house - Lund EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS WORK PLAN • Previous work * – Data bases (Fridoc, compendex …) – personal contacts (project group) • State-of-the-art review (analysis & synthesis) * ¤ – Practical experience, measured results, estimate of future potential – Modeling tools, identification of the need for development and measurements for validation; suitable ways to proceed • Overview & classification of current system designs * – Inventory of review, classification and selection of systems for further investigations (modeling and measurement) EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS WORK PLAN • Field tests * – Inventory of existing and need for new tests, planning and start of measuring program, analysis & synthesis • Theoretical analysis * – Development of component models (e.g. collector, heat pump, heat exchangers, pumps, fans etc.) – Comparison of calculations and measurements – Simulation of selected system solutions with variation of design values (sensitivity analysis: how critical is the system design for the technical & economic result?) – Identification of strengths and weaknesses of different designs EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS WORK PLAN • Reporting, presentation & dissemination of results * – Intermediate work reports for each sub-task – International conferences: IEA, IIR, ASHRAE – National conferences: Effsys Annual Meeting, Energitinget – Scientific articles: Journal of the IIR, Energy and buildings, ASHRAE – Popular articles: ScanRef, Energi och Miljö, VVS-Forum – Licentiate Thesis EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS OTHER IMMEDIATE WORK PLANS • Involve partner companies – To find expectations and work inputs • Test facility at Chalmers – To develop a test facility with a borehole system, heat pumps and three storage tanks – To perform some test simulations and plan actual lab tests and inputs to the simulation methodology based on results of the simulations EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering THANK YOU! EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08 CHALMERS
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS TIME PLAN Period: YEAR 2007 2008 2009 Activity / quarter 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Project planning 1 Literature survey 2 State-of-the-art report 3 Current systems: inventory 4 Field tests 5.1 Theory: Modeling 5.2 Theory: Simulation 5.3 Theory: Analysis and synthesis 6 Presentation of results (lic., conferences, articles) * Back* EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
Building Services Engineering CHALMERS STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT • System Modeling – Ground loop modeling (Nov – Dec) • Existing analytical & numerical design and simulation tools for ground loop • Methods for determining thermal conductivity & other ground formation properties • 3 – Heat pump and other equipment modeling (Aug – Oct) • Heat pump models, circulation pump models, heat exchanger models, pipe & fittings pressure drop models and other equipment models – Building modeling • System Simulation – Software used – Simulation methodology – Simulation results • System Optimization – Optimization problem statement – Methodology – Results Back EFFSYS 2 meeting 2007-11-08
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