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A RCHITECTURAL S TRUCTURES : Syllabus & Student Understandings F ORM, B EHAVIOR, AND D ESIGN A RCH 331 D R. A NNE N ICHOLS S UMMER 2018 lecture one structural behavior, systems and design www.greatbuildings.com Introduction 2 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 1 Architectural Structures F2009abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Course Description Course Description • statics • mechanics of materials – physics of forces and reactions on bodies – external loads and effect on deformable and systems bodies – equilibrium (bodies at rest) – use it to answer question if structure meets requirements of • structures • stability and equilibrium – something made up of interdependent • strength and stiffness parts in a definite pattern of organization – other principle building requirements • design • economy, functionality and aesthetics – assessing and meeting structural requirements of parts and the whole Introduction 3 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 4 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 \ 1

Structure Requirements Structure Requirements (cont) • stability & • strength & equilibrium stiffness – STATICS – concerned with stability of components Introduction 5 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 6 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Structural System Selection Knowledge Required • external forces • kind & size of loads • internal forces • building function • material properties • soil & topology of site • member cross • systems integration sections • fire rating • ability of a material to resist breaking • construction ($$, schedule) • structural elements that resist excessive • architectural form – deflection – deformation Introduction 7 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 8 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 2

Problem Solving Relation to Architecture “ The geometry and arrangement of the 1. STATICS: load-bearing members, the use of equilibrium of external forces, materials, and the crafting of joints all internal forces, stresses represent opportunities for buildings to 2. GEOMETRY: express themselves. The best cross section properties, deformations and buildings are not designed by conditions of geometric fit, strains architects who after resolving the formal and spatial issues, simply ask 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES: the structural engineer to make sure it stress-strain relationship for each material doesn ’ t fall down. ” - Onouye & Kane obtained from testing Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction Introduction 10 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 9 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Architectural Space and Form Architectural Space and Form • • evolution traced to developments in structure is a device for channeling structural engineering and material loads that result from the use and/or presence of the building to the ground technology – – stone & masonry span a roof – – timber hold up a floor – – concrete cross a river – – cast iron, steel suspend a canopy – tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures...... www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/ Introduction 12 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 11 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 3

Structural Action Structural Action • axial tension • bending • member breadth & depth • axial compression Introduction 17 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 18 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Structural Action Structural Action • stabilization • shear & bracing Introduction 19 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 20 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 4

Structural Action Structural Action • lateral resistance • twisting Introduction 21 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 22 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Structural Design Structural Loads • planning • STATIC and DYNAMIC • preliminary structural • dead load configuration – static, fixed, includes • determination of loads building weight, fixed • preliminary member equipment selection • live load • analysis • evaluation – transient and moving • design revision loads (including occupants), snowfall • final design Introduction 24 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 23 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 5

Structural Loads Structural Loads • • wind loads earthquake loads – – seismic, movement of dynamic, wind pressures treated as lateral static loads on walls, up or down loads on ground roofs Introduction 26 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 25 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Structural Loads Structural Loads • • gravity acts on mass (F=m*g) impact loads – • force of mass rapid, energy loads – acts at a point • ie. joist on beam – acts along a “ line ” • ie. floor on a beam – acts over an area • ie. people, books, snow on roof or floor Introduction 27 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 28 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 6

Structural Math Structural Math • quantify environmental loads • physics takes observable phenomena – how big is it? and relates the measurement with rules: • evaluate geometry and angles mathematical relationships – where is it? • need – what is the scale? – reference frame – what is the size in a particular direction? – measure of length, mass, time, direction, • quantify what happens in the structure velocity, acceleration, work, heat, – how big are the internal forces? electricity, light – how big should the beam be? – calculations & geometry Introduction 29 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 30 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 Structural Organization Structural Components • classifications • bearing walls – geometry • columns • line-forming • beams • surface-forming • flat plates – stiffness • rigid • trusses • flexible • arches – one-way or two-way • spatial organization and load transfer • shells – materials • cables Systems 2 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 3 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 7

Bearing Walls Bearing Walls • behavior as “ deep beams ” Systems 5 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 4 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Columns & Walls Beams & Plates Systems 6 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 7 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 8

Beams & Plates Trusses and Shells Systems 8 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 9 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Arches and Cables Building Framing • Components or Assemblages Systems 10 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 11 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 9

Building Framing System Selection • evaluation of alternatives Systems 12 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 13 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 System Selection Structural Design Criteria • components stay together • structure acts as whole to be stable – resist sliding – resist overturning – resist twisting and distortion • internal stability – interconnectedness • strength & stiffness Systems 14 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 15 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 10

Structural Design Sequences Systems by Materials • first-order design • Wood – structural type and organization • Steel – design intent • Concrete – contextual or programmatic • Masonry • second-order – structural strategies • Composite – material choice – structural systems • third-order – member shaping & sizing Systems 16 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 17 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Wood Timber Construction • all-wood framing systems • columns – studs, beams, floor • beams diaphragms, shearwalls • trusses – glulam arches & frames – post & beams – trusses • composite construction – masonry shear walls – concrete – steel Systems 18 Foundations Structures F2008abn Introduction 14 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 1 ARCH 331 11

Timber Construction Timber Construction • studs, beams • glulam arches & frames – manufactured or custom shapes • floor diaphragms & shear walls – glue laminated – bigger members Systems 19 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 20 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Timber Construction Timber Construction • post & beam • composite construction • trusses Systems 21 Foundations Structures F2008abn Systems 22 Foundations Structures F2008abn Lecture 2 ARCH 331 Lecture 2 ARCH 331 12