On-Site Assessment of Compliance On-Site Assessment of Compliance - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

On-Site Assessment of Compliance On-Site Assessment of Compliance Monitoring - Particulate Species Monitoring - Particulate Species

Dave Scott & Alan Leonard Dave Scott & Alan Leonard AEA Technology Environment AEA Technology Environment

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Important Points Important Points

• Particle Sampling (I)
• Particle Sampling (I)

Sampling of Particulate Phase Pollutant Sampling of Particulate Phase Pollutant Species Need to Address the Following Species Need to Address the Following Important Points: Important Points:

g g Inertial effects

Inertial effects

g g Choosing a suitable sampling position

Choosing a suitable sampling position

g g Normally sampling has to be

Normally sampling has to be isokinetic isokinetic

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Important Points Important Points

• Particle Sampling (II)
• Particle Sampling (II)

A sharp sampling nozzle is required. A sharp sampling nozzle is required.

g g Avoidance of condensation is important.

Avoidance of condensation is important.

g g Probe losses need to be avoided or assessed.

Probe losses need to be avoided or assessed.

g g Minimum particle retention efficiency needs to be

Minimum particle retention efficiency needs to be met. met.

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Important Points Important Points

• Particle Sampling (III)
• Particle Sampling (III)

Use of inert or special materials may be required ( Use of inert or special materials may be required (eg eg for dioxins or metals). for dioxins or metals).

g g Cumulative sampling strategy normally required.

Cumulative sampling strategy normally required.

g g Product of nozzle area and sampling time to remain

Product of nozzle area and sampling time to remain constant. constant.

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Important Points Important Points

• Particle Sampling (IV)
• Particle Sampling (IV)

Other minimum criteria need to be satisfied, Other minimum criteria need to be satisfied, eg eg: :

• minimum sampling times
• minimum sampling times
• minimum sampled weights
• minimum sampled weights
• minimum numbers of sampling points on
• minimum numbers of sampling points on
• a specified grid plane at
• a specified grid plane at centers

centers of equal areas

• f equal areas

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Particle Sampling Standards (I) Particle Sampling Standards (I)

g g Standard methods are all extractive

Standard methods are all extractive gravimetric gravimetric. .

g g Continuous particle monitors need to be calibrated

Continuous particle monitors need to be calibrated against standard methods. against standard methods.

g g In UK, BS 3405 predominates (accuracy only +/ -

In UK, BS 3405 predominates (accuracy only +/ - 25%) and duplicate sampling required. 25%) and duplicate sampling required.

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Particle Sampling Standards (II) Particle Sampling Standards (II)

More Accurate Standards Now Available: More Accurate Standards Now Available: eg eg, both US EPA Method 5 and ISO 9096 offer , both US EPA Method 5 and ISO 9096 offer accuracy of +/ - 10% based on single samples and accuracy of +/ - 10% based on single samples and concentrations > 50 mg m-3. concentrations > 50 mg m-3.

g g Low concentration methods (< 10 mg m-3) now to

Low concentration methods (< 10 mg m-3) now to be voted on at CEN and ISO. be voted on at CEN and ISO.

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Particle Samplers Particle Samplers

BS 3405 written around older systems, such as BS 3405 written around older systems, such as BCURA and MK III A. BCURA and MK III A.

g g Newer standards normally require more

Newer standards normally require more sophisticated samplers, such as Andersen or sophisticated samplers, such as Andersen or Zambelli Zambelli (Manual or Automatic) (Manual or Automatic)

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BS 3405: Location Requirements BS 3405: Location Requirements

g g Ideally in flue shortly before discharge point.

Ideally in flue shortly before discharge point.

g g Verticle

Verticle gas flow preferred. gas flow preferred.

g g Downstream of any abatement plant.

Downstream of any abatement plant.

g g Straight length of flue required

Straight length of flue required

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BS 3405: Minimum Distance from BS 3405: Minimum Distance from Obstructions Obstructions

g g > 1D upstream and >2D downstream of bend or

> 1D upstream and >2D downstream of bend or junction. junction.

g g > 4D downstream of fan.

> 4D downstream of fan.

g g >3D downstream of dampers or

>3D downstream of dampers or louvres louvres (unless fully (unless fully

• pen.
• pen.

g g >1 exit diameter upstream of point of emission

>1 exit diameter upstream of point of emission

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BS 3405 - Minimum Acceptable Flow BS 3405 - Minimum Acceptable Flow and Temperature Profile and Temperature Profile

g g Ratio of highest to lowest gas velocity to be <3:1.

Ratio of highest to lowest gas velocity to be <3:1.

g g Ratio of highest to lowest

Ratio of highest to lowest dP dP to be <9:1. to be <9:1.

g g Angle of flow at any point to be < 20

Angle of flow at any point to be < 20 Deg Deg. .

g g Absolute temperature variation across plane not to

Absolute temperature variation across plane not to exceed 10% of mean value. exceed 10% of mean value.

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BS 3405 - Minimum Numbers of BS 3405 - Minimum Numbers of Sampling Points on Grid Plane Sampling Points on Grid Plane

g g If sampling plane <2.5 m2, then at least 4 points

If sampling plane <2.5 m2, then at least 4 points required. required.

g g If sampling plane >2.5 m2, then at least 8 points

If sampling plane >2.5 m2, then at least 8 points required. required.

g g If ratio of highest

If ratio of highest dP dP >4:1 but < than 9:1, then 8 >4:1 but < than 9:1, then 8 points required. points required.

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Other Particle Standards Other Particle Standards

g g The more accurate standards have more stringent

The more accurate standards have more stringent

• requirements. In general accuracy improved by:
• requirements. In general accuracy improved by:
• tighter temperature / velocity profiling
• tighter temperature / velocity profiling
• sampling at more points
• sampling at more points
• sampling for longer
• sampling for longer
• stricter attention to maintaining
• stricter attention to maintaining isokineticity

isokineticity

• better sample volume measurement
• better sample volume measurement

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Essential Components Essential Components

g g Nozzle

Nozzle

g g Sampling probe

Sampling probe

g g In-stack or out-stack filter

In-stack or out-stack filter

g g Sample gas conditioning (if necessary)

Sample gas conditioning (if necessary)

g g Sample flow rate measurement device

Sample flow rate measurement device

g g Sample pump

Sample pump

g g Flow control valve

Flow control valve

g g Flue gas velocity measurement device

Flue gas velocity measurement device

g g Flue gas temperature measurement device

Flue gas temperature measurement device

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Important Factors Important Factors

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Important Factors Important Factors

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Important Factors Important Factors

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Important Factors Important Factors

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Particle Sampling Systems (I) Particle Sampling Systems (I)

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Particle Sampling Systems (II) Particle Sampling Systems (II)