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On-Site Assessment of Compliance On-Site Assessment of Compliance Monitoring - Gaseous Species Monitoring - Gaseous Species (Manual Methods) (Manual Methods) Dave Scott & Alan Leonard Dave Scott & Alan Leonard AEA Technology

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On-Site Assessment of Compliance On-Site Assessment of Compliance Monitoring - Gaseous Species Monitoring - Gaseous Species

(Manual Methods) (Manual Methods) Dave Scott & Alan Leonard Dave Scott & Alan Leonard AEA Technology Environment AEA Technology Environment

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Sampling Gaseous Species Sampling Gaseous Species

There are a wide range of gaseous species There are a wide range of gaseous species commonly monitored in Part B processes, commonly monitored in Part B processes, eg eg: :

g g Acid Gases (

Acid Gases (HCl HCl, SO2, HF) , SO2, HF)

g g Combustion Gases (CO, CO2, O2,

Combustion Gases (CO, CO2, O2, NOx NOx) )

g g VOCs

VOCs

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Sampling Gaseous Species Sampling Gaseous Species

g g Most species can be monitored using manual

Most species can be monitored using manual extractive wet chemical methods. extractive wet chemical methods.

g g Some can also be monitored using instrumental

Some can also be monitored using instrumental techniques. techniques.

g g The former are always periodic, the latter can be

The former are always periodic, the latter can be periodic or continuous. periodic or continuous.

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Important Points - Manual Extractive Important Points - Manual Extractive Gaseous Sampling (I) Gaseous Sampling (I)

g g Unlike particles, gases are not greatly affected by

Unlike particles, gases are not greatly affected by inertial effects. inertial effects.

g g Choice of suitable sampling position much simpler.

Choice of suitable sampling position much simpler.

g g Isokinetic

Isokinetic sampling not normally necessary. sampling not normally necessary.

g g Single point sampling usually suffices.

Single point sampling usually suffices.

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g g Nozzle geometry not normally important.

Nozzle geometry not normally important.

g g Particulate matter needs to be removed.

Particulate matter needs to be removed.

g g If gases are soluble condensation losses need to be

If gases are soluble condensation losses need to be avoided. avoided.

g g Glasswear

Glasswear needs to be chemically clean. needs to be chemically clean.

Important Points - Manual Extractive Important Points - Manual Extractive Gaseous Sampling (II) Gaseous Sampling (II)

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Important Points - Manual Extractive Important Points - Manual Extractive Gaseous Sampling (III) Gaseous Sampling (III)

g g Absorbing solutions need to be made of appropriate

Absorbing solutions need to be made of appropriate grade chemicals. grade chemicals.

g g If gases are reactive inert sampling materials are

If gases are reactive inert sampling materials are required. required.

g g Absorption efficiency needs to be good (>90%).

Absorption efficiency needs to be good (>90%).

g g Gas volumes need to be accurately measured.

Gas volumes need to be accurately measured.

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Important Points - Manual Extractive Important Points - Manual Extractive Gaseous Sampling (IV) Gaseous Sampling (IV)

g g Minimum gas volumes need to satisfy sensitivity

Minimum gas volumes need to satisfy sensitivity criteria. criteria.

g g Solutions need to be carefully recovered.

Solutions need to be carefully recovered.

g g Analytical system needs to be sensitive and specific.

Analytical system needs to be sensitive and specific.

g g Blank corrections need to be made.

Blank corrections need to be made.

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Common Manual Gas Sampling Common Manual Gas Sampling Standards Standards

g g HCl

HCl - EN 1911, EPA 26, EPA 26A.

EN 1911, EPA 26, EPA 26A.

g g SO2 - BS 6069, ISO 11632, EPA 6B, CEN in

SO2 - BS 6069, ISO 11632, EPA 6B, CEN in prep. prep.

g g HF - EPA 13B; ISO in prep.

HF - EPA 13B; ISO in prep.

g g NOx

NOx - EPA 7D

EPA 7D

g g VOC (

VOC (speciated speciated) - CEN in prep ) - CEN in prep

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Manual Gaseous Samplers Manual Gaseous Samplers

g g Commercial systems available,

Commercial systems available, eg eg Andersen and Andersen and Severn Science systems. Severn Science systems.

g g In-House systems also widely used.

In-House systems also widely used.

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Manual Gaseous Samplers Manual Gaseous Samplers

g g Essential common components include:

Essential common components include:

probe
probe
filter
filter
absorbers and absorber solutions
absorbers and absorber solutions
cooling bath
cooling bath
flow controller and pump
flow controller and pump
flow rate meter
flow rate meter
gas meter
gas meter

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Gas Sampling Systems (I) Gas Sampling Systems (I)

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On-Site Assessment of Compliance On-Site Assessment of Compliance Monitoring - Gaseous Species Monitoring - Gaseous Species

(Manual Methods) (Manual Methods) Dave Scott & Alan Leonard Dave Scott & Alan Leonard AEA Technology Environment AEA Technology Environment

Sampling Gaseous Species Sampling Gaseous Species

There are a wide range of gaseous species There are a wide range of gaseous species commonly monitored in Part B processes, commonly monitored in Part B processes, eg eg: :

g g Acid Gases (

Acid Gases (HCl HCl, SO2, HF) , SO2, HF)

g g Combustion Gases (CO, CO2, O2,

Combustion Gases (CO, CO2, O2, NOx NOx) )

g g VOCs

VOCs

Sampling Gaseous Species Sampling Gaseous Species

g g Most species can be monitored using manual

Most species can be monitored using manual extractive wet chemical methods. extractive wet chemical methods.

g g Some can also be monitored using instrumental

Some can also be monitored using instrumental techniques. techniques.

g g The former are always periodic, the latter can be

The former are always periodic, the latter can be periodic or continuous. periodic or continuous.

Important Points - Manual Extractive Important Points - Manual Extractive Gaseous Sampling (I) Gaseous Sampling (I)

g g Unlike particles, gases are not greatly affected by

Unlike particles, gases are not greatly affected by inertial effects. inertial effects.

g g Choice of suitable sampling position much simpler.

Choice of suitable sampling position much simpler.

g g Isokinetic

Isokinetic sampling not normally necessary. sampling not normally necessary.

g g Single point sampling usually suffices.

Single point sampling usually suffices.

g g Nozzle geometry not normally important.

Nozzle geometry not normally important.

g g Particulate matter needs to be removed.

Particulate matter needs to be removed.

g g If gases are soluble condensation losses need to be

If gases are soluble condensation losses need to be avoided. avoided.

g g Glasswear

Glasswear needs to be chemically clean. needs to be chemically clean.

Important Points - Manual Extractive Important Points - Manual Extractive Gaseous Sampling (II) Gaseous Sampling (II)

Important Points - Manual Extractive Important Points - Manual Extractive Gaseous Sampling (III) Gaseous Sampling (III)

g g Absorbing solutions need to be made of appropriate

Absorbing solutions need to be made of appropriate grade chemicals. grade chemicals.

g g If gases are reactive inert sampling materials are

If gases are reactive inert sampling materials are required. required.

g g Absorption efficiency needs to be good (>90%).

Absorption efficiency needs to be good (>90%).

g g Gas volumes need to be accurately measured.

Gas volumes need to be accurately measured.

Important Points - Manual Extractive Important Points - Manual Extractive Gaseous Sampling (IV) Gaseous Sampling (IV)

g g Minimum gas volumes need to satisfy sensitivity

Minimum gas volumes need to satisfy sensitivity criteria. criteria.

g g Solutions need to be carefully recovered.

Solutions need to be carefully recovered.

g g Analytical system needs to be sensitive and specific.

Analytical system needs to be sensitive and specific.

g g Blank corrections need to be made.

Blank corrections need to be made.

Common Manual Gas Sampling Common Manual Gas Sampling Standards Standards

g g HCl

HCl - EN 1911, EPA 26, EPA 26A.

g g SO2 - BS 6069, ISO 11632, EPA 6B, CEN in

SO2 - BS 6069, ISO 11632, EPA 6B, CEN in prep. prep.

g g HF - EPA 13B; ISO in prep.

HF - EPA 13B; ISO in prep.

g g NOx

NOx - EPA 7D

g g VOC (

VOC (speciated speciated) - CEN in prep ) - CEN in prep

Manual Gaseous Samplers Manual Gaseous Samplers

g g Commercial systems available,

Commercial systems available, eg eg Andersen and Andersen and Severn Science systems. Severn Science systems.

g g In-House systems also widely used.

In-House systems also widely used.

Manual Gaseous Samplers Manual Gaseous Samplers

g g Essential common components include:

Essential common components include:

Gas Sampling Systems (I) Gas Sampling Systems (I)

Gas Sampling Systems (II) Gas Sampling Systems (II)