Offender Recidivism in Macomb County DANIELLE L. HICKS, BA, MSW CANDIDATE ‘16
Recidivism Defined 2 u Recidivism can be defined very differently but for the purposes of my research and this presentation, recidivism is defined as… u Any additional arrest after being released from incarceration
Research Questions 3 What resources and programs are offered to Macomb ? County offenders that reduce the potential for recidivating, as expressed through recidivism rates? What are the recidivism rates in Macomb County? For specific programs? In what ways can Macomb County increase the efficacy of its already existing resources and programs to reduce recidivism rates? …Who do I talk to to get more information on recidivism in Macomb County?
Interviews for Macomb County 4 u Meetings with… u Prisoner ReEntry Program Community Coordinator – Paula Keena u Community Corrections Director – Barbara Caskey u 41 B District Court u Honorable Judge Linda Davis (Drug u Macomb County Jail Administrator – Court) Michelle Sanborn u Specialty Court Coordinator – Kara Jacquemain u Macomb County Community Mental Health u Executive Director – John Kinch u 16 th Circuit Court u Internal Services Administrator – Sheila u Court Services Director – Lisa Ellis Cote u Honorable Judge Tracey Yokich (Family Court) u Jail Diversion Program – Dan Dekorse & Virginia Bessinger u Juvenile Justice Center Director – Rhonda Westphal u Macomb County Sheriff’s Office Chief of Staff– Captain John Roberts u Juvenile Division Administrator – Nicole Faulds Interviews with the Prosecutor’s Office & Parole/Probation departments are still being pursued
Research Methodology 5 u Literature review & establishment of research questions u Development of an interview tool with 4 sections Interviewee Information 1. Programs & Resources Related to the Interviewee’s Agency 2. Programs & Resources for Offenders in Macomb County 3. Conclusions 4. u Conducting interviews u Compiling research results u Presenting the findings to the Macomb County Board of Commissioners u Request a resolution with the Macomb County Board of Commissioners u Present the findings and resolution to the public of Macomb County
6 Worldwide
Incarceration & Recidivism Worldwide 7 Since 2002, the U.S. has had the highest incarceration rate in the world 1, 2, 3 But what are the recidivism rates? Worldwide Incarceration Rates 2 (per 100,000) u Countries define recidivism 707 USA differently, which limits the ability to 474 RUSSIAN FEDERATION compare recidivism rates 286 UKRAINE 209 POLAND worldwide 4 188 TURKEY u Rearrest, reconviction, technical 186 HUNGARY 157 CZECH REPUBLIC violations… 148 UNITED KINDGOM u 2 years, 3 years, 10 years 145 SPAIN 137 PORTUGAL 1 Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration ((Travis, I., Western, B., & Redburn, S.): Published by the National Academies Press. 2 Population Reference Bureau (Tsai, T., & Scommegna, P.). 3 United States Department of Justice, Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. 4 University of Oxford Researchers (Fazel, S. & Wolf, A.): Published in PLoS One.
8 United States & Michigan
Recidivism in the U.S. & Michigan 9 The decrease for u Michigan: 1999-2002, 38.0 % 8 U.S: Percent Re-Arrested After Michigan is Release from Incarceration 5, 6, 7 attributed to the 70 u U.S. rate: 45.4 % Michigan Prisoner 60 Reentry Initiative, u Michigan: 2004-2007, 31.0 % 8 which launched in 50 2003 8 u U.S. rate: 43.3 % 40 30 1983 20 u Additionally, the 2005 study 1994 found that within 5 years, the 2005 10 rate increased to 76.6 % 5 0 6 Months 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years Michigan spends $1.6 billion of its Corrections budget on costs for incarcerating inmates 9 u In Michigan, incarcerating one person for one year costs: $28,569 (does not include health care and mental u heath services) 5, 6, & 7 United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. 8 Pew Center on the States. Published by the Pew Charitable Trusts. 9 Michigan House Fiscal Agency (Risko, R.).
10 Macomb County
Macomb County Offenders 11 u Characteristics that impact recidivism include: 10 u Age, gender, race, education level & skill u History of alcohol or drug abuse u Length & severity of criminal history, conduct during incarceration, & length of incarceration u Of the current Jail population, it is u In 1999, Macomb County probationers… 11 estimated that… 12 u 59 % had a history of drug abuse u 85 % are incarcerated for charges u 46 % had a prior conviction related to drugs u 35 % had been on probation at some point u 54 – 60 % are incarcerated because u 28 % had a history of alcohol abuse they are unable to meet bond u 14 % had been previously incarcerated u Of the 54 – 60 % unable to meet bond, 16 % are unable to meet bond of $1,000 or less 10 Florida Department of Corrections. 11 Michigan State University School of Criminal Justice & the Michigan Department of Corrections. 12 Macomb County Jail Administrator, Michelle Sanborn.
Pretrial Detention & Services 12 u Research shows that the longer the length of pretrial detention, the more likely the following items occur: 13, 14 u Longer jail and prison sentences Both increase the likelihood for recidivism 10 u Decreased likelihood of attending summons u Criminal activity after case completion à Increased recidivism as a result of new charges, rather than violations One of the unique issues u Community Corrections is only able to serve facing Macomb County is about 10 % of the weekly bookings into the that individuals are held in Macomb County Jail 15 local lockups for 24 – 72 u The services include: background information, hours with a bond already criminal history, mental health and substance use set before being transferred status, as well as risk to the community to the Macomb County Jail 15 13 Laura and John Arnold Foundation. 14 Published in Criminal Justice Review, (Williams). 15 Macomb County Community Correctors Director, Barbara Caskey.
Recidivism & the Macomb County Jail 13 The recidivism rate of the Macomb County Jail is estimated at 80 – 82 % This indicates that approximately 958 out of 1,197 inmates have previously been incarcerated 12 Detroit News Photo 12 Macomb County Jail Administrator, Michelle Sanborn.
Result of High Recidivism Rates 14 u Since 2003, there have been 14 Average Daily Population 16 1300 state of emergency declarations CAPACITY - 1238 as a result of overcrowding 1200 1200 1197 u When the jail population exceeds 1160 capacity for 7 days, within 14 days the 1100 2012 2013 2014 jail must decrease the population down to having 25 empty beds 17 In 2014, the Jail booked 17,881 people into the jail 16 16 Macomb County Sheriff's Office, 2014 Annual Report. 17 Michigan Legislature, County Jail Overcrowding Emergency.
Cost of High Recidivism Rates 15 u In 2012, incarcerating one person for Daily Cost Per Inmate 3, 9, 12 one year cost: 3 $86 $84 $84.75 u State Governments: $ 29,141 $82 u Daily: $ 79.84 $80 $78 $78.27 $77.49 u Federal Governments: $ 28,283 $76 $74 u Daily: $ 77.49 $72 MACOMB MICHIGAN FEDERAL COUNTY JAIL GOVERNMENT u The recidivating population alone costs… 12 u Daily: ~ $ 83,000 3 United States Department of Justice, Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. u Annually: ~ $ 1,350,000 9 Michigan House Fiscal Agency (Risko, R.). 12 Macomb County Jail Administrator, Michelle Sanborn.
Alternatives to Incarceration 16 Daily Cost Per Participant 12, 18 $85 $90 $80 Not only is incarceration $70 expensive but it is not effective $60 $50 in reducing recidivism rates – $40 $30 research even indicates that $30 $20 incarceration increases the $10 $10 $10 potential for recidivating 19, 20, 21, 22 $- MACOMB DRUG PROBATION HOUSE COUNTY COURTS ARREST JAIL 9 Michigan House Fiscal Agency (Risko, R.). 12 Macomb County Jail Administrator, Michelle Sanborn. 18 Families Against Mandatory Minimums. 19 Centre for Criminal Justice Studies. (Gendreau, Goggin, & Cullen). 20 Published in the Journal of Criminal Justice. (Mears, Cochran, & Bales). 21 Campbell Collaboration. Published in Crime and Justice. (Villettaz, Gillieron, & illias). 22 Published in the Prison Journal. (Cullen, Johnson, & Nagin).
Alternatives to Incarceration 17 Offender and reentry services are effective Michigan Mental Health Court in reducing recidivism with services such for 80% Reconviction Rates 24 70% employment, housing, mental health and 70% 64% substance abuse treatment 23 56% 60% 46% 50% 2 Year Michigan Drug Court Reconviction 40% 41% Rates 2012-2014 24 40% 35% 30% 30% 27% 30% 23% 22% 18% 20% 17% 16% 16% 20% 12% 9% 7% 7% 10% 10% 4% 3% 0% 0% 1 YEAR 2 YEARS 3 YEARS 4 YEARS 5 YEARS ALL SOBRIETY ADULT ADULT JUVENILE COURTS DISTRICT CIRCUIT Mental Health Court Graduates Comparison Members Drug Court Graduates Comparison Members 23 Congressional Research Service, prepared for Members & Committees of Congress. 24 Michigan Supreme Court.
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