OF NE REGIONS DBT-NECAB Workshop Assam Agricultural University, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

NATIONAL WORKSHOP

ON

“POTENTIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMMES USING BIORESOURCES

OF NE REGIONS” DBT-NECAB Workshop Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat September 12 -14 , 2019

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BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPROSPECTING: A HIDDEN FUTURE IN NATURE

• Prof. Dr. Prabhakar Ranjekar

Former Director Grade Scientist and Head, Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory Pune-411048 Email: pranjekar@gmail.com

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PRESENTATION: ORGANIZATION

Biodiversity: Brief Introduction Global Biodiversity Hotspots International Research Programmes Bioprospecting: Definitions and Examples Global Bioprospecting Programmes Future Directions

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BIODIVERSITY: BRIEF INTRODUCTION

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BIODIVERSITY: DEFINITION

 Biodiversity is the variety and variability of life

• n Earth.

 Biodiversity is typically a measure of variation at

the genetic, species, and ecosystem level.

 It is the foundation of ecosystem services to

which human well-being is intimately linked.

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BIODIVERSITY : GENESIS

 The term “biological diversity” was used first by

wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in 1968, where he advocated

• conservation. It was widely adopted only in the

1980s

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Raymond F. Dasmann University of California, Santa Cruz, California

FATHER OF BIODIVERSITY

 The

term biodiversity first appeared in a publication in 1988 when entomologist E. O. Wilson used it as a title.

 Nature holds the key to our aesthetic, intellectual,

cognitive and even spiritual satisfaction

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• E. O. Wilson

Harvard University, USA

INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR BIOLOGICAL

DIVERSITY - 22 MAY

 The

United Nations has proclaimed May 22 “The International Day for Biological Diversity (IDB)” to increase understanding and awareness

• f

biodiversity issues.

 In December 2000, the UN General Assembly adopted 22

May as IDB, to commemorate the adoption of the text of the Convention on 22 May 1992 by the Nairobi Final Act of the Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS

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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS: ASIA-PACIFIC

1] East Melanesian Islands

 Once

largely intact, the 1,600 East Melanesian Islands are now a hotspot due, sadly, to accelerating levels of habitat loss. 2] Himalaya

 The Himalaya Hotspot is

home to the world’s highest mountains, including Mt. Everest.

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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS: ASIA-PACIFIC

3] Indo-Burma

 Encompassing more than 2

million km² of tropical Asia, Indo-Burma is still revealing its biological treasures. 4] Japan

 The islands that make up the

Japanese Archipelago stretch from the humid subtropics in the south to the boreal zone in the north, resulting in a wide variety of climates and ecosystems.

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5] Mountains of Southwest China

 With

dramatic variations in climate and topography, the Mountains of Southwest China support a wide array of habitats including the most endemic-rich temperate flora in the world. 6] New Caledonia

 An island the size of New Jersey

in the South Pacific Ocean, New Caledonia is the home of no less than five endemic plant families.

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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS: ASIA-PACIFIC

7] New Zealand

 A mountainous archipelago

• nce

dominated by temperate rainforests, New Zealand harbors extraordinary levels

• f

endemic species. 8] Philippines

 More than 7,100 islands fall

within the borders

• f

the Philippines hotspot, identified as

• ne
• f

the world’s biologically richest countries.

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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS: ASIA-PACIFIC

GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS: ASIA-PACIFIC

9] Polynesia-Micronesia

 Comprising 4,500 islands stretched

across the southern Pacific Ocean, the Polynesia-Micronesia hotspot is the epicenter of the current global extinction crisis. 10] Southwest Australia

 The forest, woodlands, shrublands,

and heath of Southwest Australia are characterized by high endemism among plants and reptiles.

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11] Forests of Eastern Australia

 The

hotspot consists

• f

a discontinuous coastal stretch along the Australian states of Queensland and New South Wales, extending inland and further west. This region contains more than 1500 endemic vascular plants. 12] Sundaland

 The spectacular flora and fauna of the

Sundaland Hotspot are succumbing to the explosive growth

• f

industrial forestry in these islands.

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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS: ASIA-PACIFIC

13] Wallacea

 The flora and fauna of Wallacea

are so varied that every island in this hotspot needs secure protected areas to preserve the region’s biodiversity. 14] Western Ghats and Sri Lanka

 Faced with tremendous population

pressure, the forests

• f

the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka have been dramatically impacted by the demands for timber and agricultural land.

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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS: ASIA-PACIFIC

INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION

 The map shows 34 biodiversity hotspots which cover 2.3%

• f the Earth's land surface, yet more than 50% of the

world’s plant species and 42% of all terrestrial vertebrate species are endemic to these areas (Conservation International). These are the areas which are suffering biodiversity loss and where attention is needed.

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INDIA : RICH IN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

 It

is situated in the Indomalaya ecozone and comprises of 2 out of the 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world. In India, there are approximately-

 350 mammals which make up 7.6% of world species  1224 birds which make up 2.6% of the world species  197 amphibians which make up 4.4% of the world

species

 408 reptiles which make up 6.2% of the world species  2546 fishes which make up 11.7% of the world species  15000 flowering plants which make up 6% of the

world species

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BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN INDIA

1] The Western Ghats

 These hills are present along the

western edge of peninsular India.

 Most of the spices, black pepper and

cardamom all are believed to have

• riginated in the Western Ghats.

2] The Eastern Himalayas

 This region comprises of entire Indian

Himalayan region. These Himalayan Mountains are the highest in the world and abode to some

• f

the highest peaks of the world.

 There

are almost 163 endangered species in this region including 36 plant species.

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BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN INDIA

3] Indo-Burma

 This region consists of numerous countries including North-

Eastern India

 Almost 13,500 plant species can be spotted in the region half of

which are endemic and cannot be found in any other place in the world 4] Sundaland

 This region lies in South-East Asia. The Nicobar Islands

represent India. These islands were declared as the world biosphere reserve in 2013 by United Nations. These islands have a rich terrestrial as well as marine ecosystem.

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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH

PROGRAMMES

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CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)

 Rio de Janeiro, South Africa  As of 2016, the Convention has 196 parties, which

include 195 states and the European Union.

 Aim

to bring the conservation

• f

biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components

 The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits

arising from commercial and other utilization of genetic resources.

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CONSULTATIVE GROUP FOR INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH (CGIAR)

 Location:

Montpellier, France (1971)

 It is a global partnership that

unites organizations engaged in research for a food-secured future.

 Prime

• bjective is to

reducing rural poverty, increasing food security, improving human health and nutrition, and ensuring sustainable management

• f

natural resources.

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CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES)

 Washington, D.C. (1973)  CITES

is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals.

 Aims

to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (IIED)

 London, United Kingdom (1971)  It

acts as the links between biodiversity, conservation and local people's livelihoods.

 IIEM mission is to build a fairer, more sustainable

world, using evidence, action and influence, working in partnership with others.

 Partnerships are at the heart of our work: we have

more than 350 partnerships working in 60 countries

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“We work together to strengthen people’s voices in the decision-making arenas that affect them — from village councils to international conventions.” – Andrew Norton, Present Director

INTERNATIONAL SEED TREATY

 Madrid (2004)  Also known as “The International Treaty on

Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture”

 The conservation and sustainable use of plant

genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use, in harmony with the Convention

• n

Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture and food security.

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CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES (CMS)

Bonn, Germany (1979) Also

called “The Convention

• n

the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals”

Aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and

avian migratory species throughout their range.

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INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION (IWC)

Impington, United Kingdom (1946) To provide conservation of whale stocks this

will help in developing

• f

the whaling industry.

Voluntary

association

• f

some countries established in 1946

Attempt to regulate whale hunting to stop

• verfishing

All commercial whaling of great whales was

banned by the IWC in 1985

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INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROTECTION CONVENTION (IPPC)

 Rome, Italy (1951)  Multilateral treaty deposited with the Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

 Aim to protect world plant resources, including

cultivated and wild plants by preventing the introduction and spread

• f

plant pests and promoting the appropriate measures for their control.

 Provides

the mechanisms to develop the International Standards for Phytosanitary.

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CONVENTION ON WETLANDS (RAMSAR CONVENTION)

Ramsar (Iran), 1971 Provides the framework for national action &

international cooperation for the conservation & wise use of wetlands and their resources.

It covers all aspects of wetland conservation

and wise use, recognizing wetlands as ecosystems.

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WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION (WHC)

Paris, France (1972) Founder: The United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

The Convention Concerning the Protection of

the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

To identify and conserve the world's cultural

and natural heritage, by drawing up a list of sites whose

• utstanding

values should be preserved for all humanity

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INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN)

Gland, Switzerland (1948) To conserve our vital biodiversity, this is one

• f the important wheels of life cycle.

It helps the world to find pragmatic solutions

to

• ur

most pressing environment and development challenges.

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BIOPROSPECTING: DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES

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DEFINITIONS

Bioprospecting

is the development

• f

traditional medicines as commercial products.

Simple meaning: Investigation of the living

things to see how they can be commercially useful to humans

Exploration of biodiversity for commercially

valuable genetic and biochemical resources (Eisner 1989, Reid et al. 1993)

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RECENT DEFINITIONS

Nicolas Mateo et al. (2001) Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio),

Costa Rica (Central America)

The

systematic search for genes, natural compounds, designs and whole organisms in wild life with a potential for product development by biological observation, and biophysical, biochemical and genetic methods without disruption to nature.

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BIOPROSPECTING

Bioprospecting

Use of leads from traditional medical uses (i.e., from “Ethnopharmacology” Use of natural products as a highly diverse set of chemicals for random screening

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GENESIS OF BIOPROSPECTING

 Historically, nature was the origin of all medicines

and ethnopharmacology has provided some very notable past successes.

 Many drugs / active compounds are isolated from

different parts of the plant.

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Isolated

from Papaver somniferum

It acts directly on the central

nervous system to decrease the feeling of pain.

It can be taken for both acute

pain and chronic pain.

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EXAMPLE 1: MORPHINE(ISOLATED IN 1804)

 Isolated

from bark

• f

Cinchona genus (Alkaloids).

 Quinine is a medication used

to treat malaria and babesiosis.

 This includes the treatment

• f

malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine

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EXAMPLE 2: QUININE (ISOLATED IN 1820)

EXAMPLE 3 : DIGITOXIN (ISOLATED IN1841)

A cardiac glycoside. Isolated

from Digitalis purpurea

It is a phytosteroid Heart and cancer treatment It

is eliminated via the liver, so could be used in patients with poor or erratic kidney function.

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Isolated from Ephedra dystachia Alkaloid Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant. It is often used to prevent low blood pressure

during spinal anesthesia. It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity.

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EXAMPLE 4 : EPHEDRINE (ISOLATED IN 1897)

Isolated from Chondrodendron tomentosum Alkaloid Used in conjunction with an anesthetic to

provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.

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EXAMPLE 5 : TUBOCURARINE (ISOLATED IN 1935)

Isolated from Spiraea ulmaria Acetylsalicylic acid Used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation. Specific

inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.

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EXAMPLE 6 :

ASPIRIN

 Isolated from Madagascar periwinkle  Alkaloids  An anti-cancer drug.  This includes Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell

lung cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, melanoma, and testicular cancer.

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EXAMPLE 7 : VINBLASTINE

GLOBAL BIOPROSPECTING

PROGRAMMES

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GLOBAL BIOPROSPECTING PROGRAMMES

 InBio

– Merck Agreement: Beginning

• f

a Bioprospecting Era

 Shaman Pharmaceuticals  International

Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG)

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 There are some larger programmes based on multi-group

collaborations.

 Various

International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) funded by the NIH in the USA and efforts coordinated by individual universities such as Rutgers in New Jersey and Strathclyde in Scotland.

 ICBG programmes involve US institutions and commercial

companies with overseas participants in Costa Rica, Fiji, Indonesia, Madagascar, Panama, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Vietnam and Laos.

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GLOBAL BIOPROSPECTING PROGRAMMES (CONTD…)

 Rutgers

University hosts a relatively new initiative: the Global Institute for BioExploration (GIBEX).

 This is an international network

that aims to promote successful drug discovery from biodiversity through developing pharmacological screening methods that can be readily transferred to groups in partner countries.

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RUTGERS IN NEW JERSEY

STRATHCLYDE IN SCOTLAND

It

has a long history

• f

research in phytochemistry.

This formed the basis for the creation of a

worldwide network for drug discovery based on natural products.

A highly diverse collection of plant extracts

was assembled (covering more than 90% of the world’s plant families) and used in drug discovery screening assays.

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NOVARTIS

 Novartis has developed extensive collaborations

with a few academic centres in the Far East, notably in China and Thailand.

 A broad international consensus has developed

with respect to the need to protect and sustain biodiversity.

 Natural resources represent an important source

• f potential new drugs for patients, hence the

preservation of biodiversity is essential in our efforts to cure diseases and save lives.

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AstraZeneca had a long connection with a

group based at Griffith University in Queensland.

AstraZeneca

is a British-Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company.

Cambridge

(United Kingdom) collaboration with Australia

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GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY IN QUEENSLAND

SMALLER SPECIALIST COMPANIES

There are smaller specialist companies

involved in bioprospecting.

These include MerLion Pharmaceuticals

in Singapore and Sequoia Sciences in St Louis, Missouri.

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BIOPROSPECTING PROGRAMMES : EXAMPLES FROM INDIA

CSIR

Coordinated Programme

• n

Drug Discovery (1996)

Dept. of Biotechnology – Bioprospecting and

Molecular Taxonomy Programme (1998)

New

Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) – Planning Commission/CSIR (2002)

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• DR. T.N. KHUSHOO

FATHER OF INDIAN BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME

 For all his outstanding work

in the field of bio-diversity and its proper management, he was honoured with the UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize in 1996.

 The President of India Dr.

Shanker Dayal Sharma conferred upon him the civilian title Padma Bhusan in 1992 for his valuable research in this field.

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DBT FIRST INITIATIVE IN

BIOPROSPECTING BIODIVERCITY

 Initiative of Dr. T.N. Khushoo who identified

plants from South West and North East regions for bioprospecting

 18 Institutions from all over India were identified

including NCL, CMAP, NBRI, Palampur, MSSRF (Chennai), Universities from Srinagar, Sikkim etc.

 Satellite Remote Sensing Agencies (Hyderabad,

Dehradun etc.)

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DBT’S INITIATIVE IN BIODIVERSITY

PROGRAMME

Dr. Manju Sharma

[Former Secretary, DBT (1995-2004)]

Dr. Renu Swarup

(Secretary, DBT)

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FUTURE DIRECTIONS

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BIOPROSPECTING : A MULTIDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE

We

are all aware

• f

Human Genome sequencing effort – 20 years back

Bioprospecting

is a bigger effort involving many disciplines of science

Public-private partnership is a crucial par for

product development

Knowledge of patenting and IPR issues is

extremely relevant

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PUBLIC – PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

UNIVERSITY – INDUSTRY INTERACTION

U.S.

universities have successfully implemented the above model

Universities

carry

• ut

the basic studies including in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies

Industry takes forward the university work

and makes the process commercially viable

Indian universities and industries need to

come forward and join hands for mutual benefits

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BIOPROSPECTING : A BOON TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Many

developing countries are economically poor but rich in biodiversity

Judicious

bioprospecting has a tremendous potential to boost the economy

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PROSPECTING OF BIODIVERSITY : CENTRAL DOGMA

Identification of Biodiversity (Remote sensing) Characterization of Biodiversity (DNA fingerprinting, proteomics) Bioprospecting Biodiversity (Product development)

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POTENTIAL OF BIOPROSPECTING

BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity Environmental Security Food Security Nutrient Security Economic Security Health Security Plant bioactive against various diseases

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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• Dr. Pallavi C. Mandave, Ph.D.

Former Ph.D. Scholar, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune

THANK YOU

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