Ocean ecosystem conservation and seafood security for future - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Ocean ecosystem conservation and seafood security for future generation： A case study of ecosystem g y y approach to fisheries and the adaptive management

• f the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

g

Yasunori SAKURAI & Mitsutaku MAKINO

俵屋宗達作『風神雷神図屏風』

Yasunori SAKURAI & Mitsutaku MAKINO

Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency

1

Human activity (Fisheries) Human activity (Fisheries)

• C. Peter McRoy

P f

y ( ) y ( ) Climate change(Global Climate change(Global

Professor University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska USA

Climate change(Global Climate change(Global warming) warming) warming) warming) E t h E t h Ecosystem change Ecosystem change How to secure seafood How to secure seafood security for future security for future ti ti

(Photo by Mr. Atsushi Matsuoka)

generation generation

2

3

4

野生魚

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【Cold regime phase, 1970-80s】 【Warm regime phase, after 1990s】

Feeding migration for wintering Feeding migration for wintering

【Cold regime phase, 1970-80s】 【Warm regime phase, after 1990s】

Feeding migration for wintering Feeding migration for wintering 【Cold regime phase, 1970-80s】

Northward migration for breeding Northward migration for breeding

【Warm regime phase, after 1990s】 【Cold regime phase, 1970-80s】

Northward migration for breeding Northward migration for breeding

【Warm regime phase, after 1990s】

80’s 90’s 80’s 80’s 90’s 90’s

(Indiv ) (Indiv ) (Indiv ) 12000 16000 20000 (Indiv.)

Sea of Okhotsk Pacific Sea of Japan

12000 16000 20000 (Indiv.)

Sea of Okhotsk Pacific Sea of Japan

12000 16000 20000 (Indiv.)

Sea of Okhotsk Pacific Sea of Japan

500 600 700 800 900 1000 （個体数）

♂ ♀ pup

700 600 500 900 800 1000

(Individual)

500 600 700 800 900 1000 （個体数）

♂ ♀ pup

700 600 500 900 800 1000

(Individual)

700 600 500 900 800 1000

(Individual)

4000 8000 (年) 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 4000 8000 (年) 4000 8000 (年) 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04

100 200 300 400 500 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 （年）

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

(年)

500 400 300 200 100

100 200 300 400 500 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 （年）

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

(年)

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

(年)

500 400 300 200 100 500 400 300 200 100

Accumlative sighting number of SSL

(Data from Hokkaido)

Number of SSL at the Tyuleny Isd.

(Kuzin, 2006)

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 （年）

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

(年)

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 （年）

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

(年)

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

(年)

6

Global warming during 20 Global warming during 20th

th Century

Century

http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/

7

Warming trend in SST observed around Japan

JMA (2007)

• M. Nakamura

( )

Global mean: 0.50 (°C/100yr) ) ) ( y ) SST warming trend (°C/100yr) SST warming trend ( C/100yr)

• bserved from 1900 to 2006.

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IPCC WG1 AR4 highlights IPCC WG1 AR4 highlights

For the next two decades, a warming of about

For the next two decades, a warming of about 0.2 0.2°C per decade is projected for a range of SRES C per decade is projected for a range of SRES emission scenarios. emission scenarios.

Even if the concentrations of

Even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases and aerosols had been kept all greenhouse gases and aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 constant at year 2000 levels a further warming of levels a further warming of about 0 1 about 0 1°C per decade would be expected C per decade would be expected levels, a further warming of levels, a further warming of about 0.1 about 0.1 C per decade would be expected. C per decade would be expected.

Continued

Continued GHG GHG emissions at or above emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and current rates would cause further warming and induce many induce many changes in the global climate system changes in the global climate system during the 21 during the 21st

st century that would very likely be

century that would very likely be larger than those larger than those

• bserved during the 20
• bserved during the 20th

th century.

century.

9

?

Northward Expansion of Atlantic cod

Drinkwater(2008) 10

2005

stable

2005

stable stable

２０９９

stable

２０９９

stable stable stable decrease extinct stable decrease extinct stable decrease extinct

？

stable decrease extinct

？

stable decrease extinct stable decrease extinct

２０５０

？

stable

２０５０

？

stable stable

？

decrease extinct

？

decrease extinct decrease extinct

Walleye pollock

11

(after Pauly and Maclean, 2003) 12

Spawning grounds China Chile USSR nd T) Korea Peru Mexico 100 thousan Japan Catch(1

Ripe females of Jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas Catch trends of Jumbo squid

Fisheries Agency & Fishries Agency of Japan (2006) 13

Oceanic squid is a key species in bottom-up, top- down, and ‘wasp-waist’ controlled marine ecosystem , p y

Griffiths et al.,(2006)

14

Siberian Siberian High High Siberian Siberian High High Aleutian Aleutian Aleutian Aleutian

Regime Shift

• Irkutsk

Irkutsk

• Nemuro

Nemuro

g g Aleutian Aleutian Low Low Aleutian Aleutian Low Low

• Irkutsk

Irkutsk

g

2

勢力弱 勢力弱 k

1

勢力弱 勢力弱

weak weak

• 2
• 1

raw raw 5Yrs mean 5Yrs mean

勢力強 勢力強

strong strong

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Annual change of Aleutian low pressure index Annual change of Aleutian low pressure index

strong strong

図４．アリューシャン低気圧 図４．アリューシャン低気圧

Annual change of Aleutian low pressure index. Annual change of Aleutian low pressure index.

(Nakamura and Honda, 2002) (Nakamura and Honda, 2002)

15

Wintertime climate and winter-spring production: 1976/77RS

1985

Wintertime climate and winter-spring

(modified from Chavez et al 2003. * information of the western North Pacific added by Chiba )

production: 1988/89RS

1990 1990

(Fig by Chiba based on various sources) 16

60 6 erel 60 6 erel 60 60 6 erel 60 6 Jack mackerel

Japanese sardine Japanese anchovy Jack mackerel Japanese sardine Japanese anchovy Jack mackerel

30 40 50 e, Mackerel 3 4 5 ch (105 t) Jack macke Anchovy Sardine 30 40 50 e, Mackerel 3 4 5 ch (105 t) Jack macke Anchovy 30 40 50 Sardine 30 40 50 e, Mackerel 3 4 5 ch (105 t) Jack macke Anchovy 30 40 50 Sardine 3 4 5 Jack mackerel

Anchovy Anchovy

Common squid Mackerels Common squid Mackerels

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 10 20 Sardin 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1 2 Catc Anchovy, 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 10 20 Sardin 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1 2 Catc Anchovy, 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 10 20 Mackerel 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 10 20 Sardin 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1 2 Catc Anchovy, 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 10 20 Mackerel 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1 2

Anchovy Anchovy

Catch fluctuations of main pelagic species for fisheries Catch fluctuations of main pelagic species for fisheries

2 5 3.0 ndex n) S di 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 5 3.0 ndex n) 2 5 3.0 S di 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 5 3.0 ndex n) 2 5 3.0 2 5 3.0 S di

Sardine Sardine

谷津(2003)

Catch fluctuations of main pelagic species for fisheries in Japan

谷津(2003)

Catch fluctuations of main pelagic species for fisheries in Japan

Japanese common squid

1.5 2.0 2.5 mperature in unning mean Anchovy Sardine 1.5 2.0 2.5 mperature in unning mean 1.5 2.0 2.5 Mackerel Anchovy Sardine 1.5 2.0 2.5 mperature in unning mean 1.5 2.0 2.5 Mackerel 1.5 2.0 2.5 Jack mackerel Anchovy Sardine

Mackerel Mackerel

(Sakurai et al., 2008)

0.5 1.0 pawning tem (11-term ru y 0.5 1.0 pawning tem (11-term ru 0.5 1.0 y 0.5 1.0 pawning tem (11-term ru 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 y

Jack mackerel Jack mackerel

5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 Sea surface temperature (°C) S 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 Sea surface temperature (°C) S 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 Sea surface temperature (°C) S 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.0 Sea surface temperature (°C)

Similarities and differences in spawning temperature patterns represent those in the long-term population dynamics patterns. ( After Takasuka, 2006)

18

Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Fisheries Management

1.

The world fisheries catch are hence significantly impacted by human l it ti d i i l ff t d b li t i bilit d

Management

exploitation and increasingly affected by climate variability and change.

2.

For long-term sustainable utilization of marine resources, fisher’s awareness change regarding the EAF and adaptive fisheries management may be needed.

3

Adaptive management predicts and monitors changes in the

3.

Adaptive management predicts and monitors changes in the ecosystem and subsequently reviews and adjusts the management and use of natural resources (Matsuda et al., 2009). and use of natural resources (Matsuda et al., 2009).

4.

Such predictions and monitoring are best accompanied by feedback controls, such as the verification of hypotheses based on the results

• f monitoring in order to review and modify management activities.

A case study of ecosystem approach to fisheries and the adaptive management of the Shiretoko and the adaptive management of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

20

Shiretoko World Heritage Site

UNESCO decided on July 14, 2005 to add the Shiretoko area of Hokkaido, UNESCO decided on July 14, 2005 to add the Shiretoko area of Hokkaido, Japan to the World Natural Heritage list The area covers the Shiretoko Japan to the World Natural Heritage list The area covers the Shiretoko Japan, to the World Natural Heritage list. The area covers the Shiretoko Japan, to the World Natural Heritage list. The area covers the Shiretoko Peninsula and surrounding sea areas up to 3 kilometers off the peninsula. The Peninsula and surrounding sea areas up to 3 kilometers off the peninsula. The Shiretoko is located in the northeast of Hokkaido. Shiretoko is located in the northeast of Hokkaido.

21

The World Heritage Committee (UNESCO) requests; The World Heritage Committee (UNESCO) requests;

• 1. Expedite development of Marine Management Plan, to be
• 1. Expedite development of Marine Management Plan, to be

l t d b 2008 l t d b 2008 t l l id tif f t th i t l l id tif f t th i completed by 2008 completed by 2008, to clearly identify measures for strengthening , to clearly identify measures for strengthening marine protection marine protection

• 2. Develop a Salmonid Management Plan to identify impacts of
• 2. Develop a Salmonid Management Plan to identify impacts of

dams dams and strategies to address this impact and strategies to address this impact 22

Outline of the Multiple Use Outline of the Multiple Use Integrated Marine Management Plan Integrated Marine Management Plan

Ministry Ministry of

• f the

the Environment Environment ／H kk id H kk id G ／Hokkaido Hokkaido Government Government

23

• 1. Introduction
• 1. Introduction
• 1. Introduction
• 1. Introduction

○

(1) Background

○ Shiretoko is featured by the significant interaction between Shiretoko is featured by the significant interaction between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. marine and terrestrial ecosystems. ○ There are a wide variety of marine life inhabiting including There are a wide variety of marine life inhabiting including ○ There are a wide variety of marine life inhabiting, including There are a wide variety of marine life inhabiting, including sea eagles and many other rare species, a large number of sea eagles and many other rare species, a large number of salmonids, and marine mammals such as Steller sealions. salmonids, and marine mammals such as Steller sealions. ○ In the waters surrounding Shiretoko, fisheries activities have In the waters surrounding Shiretoko, fisheries activities have long been carried on without giving the negative impact on long been carried on without giving the negative impact on the marine life the marine life the marine life. the marine life. ○ Taking advantage of the opportunity of inscription on the Taking advantage of the opportunity of inscription on the World Heritage list as a natural heritage, World Heritage list as a natural heritage, it was decided to it was decided to g g , g g , formulate an integrated marine management plan in order to formulate an integrated marine management plan in order to keep ensuring both the conservation of marine ecosystem and keep ensuring both the conservation of marine ecosystem and the proper use of the area for human activities in the future. the proper use of the area for human activities in the future. p p p p 24

Conservation of marine Conservation of marine

(2) Objective of the Plan (2) Objective of the Plan

○ To satisfy both To satisfy both conservation of the marine conservation of the marine

Conservation of marine environment and marine ecosystem Conservation of marine environment and marine ecosystem

ecosystem and stable ecosystem and stable fisheries through the fisheries through the sustainable use of marine sustainable use of marine

Coexistence

sustainable use of marine sustainable use of marine living resources. living resources.

Sustainable fisheries Sustainable fisheries 25

• 2. Basic Concept of Management
• 2. Basic Concept of Management

p g p g

(1) Basic Policies (1) Basic Policies

○ To be based on legal restrictions relating to the To be based on legal restrictions relating to the conservation of the marine environment, marine conservation of the marine environment, marine d fi h i d d fi h i d ecosystems and fisheries, and autonomous ecosystems and fisheries, and autonomous management measures carried out by fishers, as management measures carried out by fishers, as well as voluntary restrictions on marine recreation well as voluntary restrictions on marine recreation well as voluntary restrictions on marine recreation. well as voluntary restrictions on marine recreation. ○ T d fi h i T d fi h i ○ To define measures to conserve the marine To define measures to conserve the marine ecosystem, strategies to maintain major marine ecosystem, strategies to maintain major marine living resources monitoring methods for those living resources monitoring methods for those living resources, monitoring methods for those living resources, monitoring methods for those resources, and policies for marine recreation; and resources, and policies for marine recreation; and to promote proper management. to promote proper management. to promote proper management. to promote proper management.

26

Nemuro Strait Cape Erimo

Figure Maximum ice cover area in each year. Figure Maximum ice cover area in each year. Left: March 10, 2006, 903 thousand km Left: March 10, 2006, 903 thousand km2 . Red line denotes the edge of sea ice in . Red line denotes the edge of sea ice in normal year. normal year. y Right (upper) : Year of maximum sea ice cover, Feb. 28, 1978, 1,525 thousand km Right (upper) : Year of maximum sea ice cover, Feb. 28, 1978, 1,525 thousand km2 . Right (lower): Year of minimum sea ice cover, Feb. 25, 1984, 858.1 thousand km Right (lower): Year of minimum sea ice cover, Feb. 25, 1984, 858.1 thousand km2 .

（JMA, http://www.data.kishou.go.jp/kaiyou/shindan/rinji/2006_no1/nh_snow_time_series.html JMA, http://www.data.kishou.go.jp/kaiyou/shindan/rinji/2006_no1/nh_snow_time_series.html） 27

• Fig. Vertical profile of water temperature

along the line transect off Shiretoko the along the line transect off Shiretoko, the late-June 2006. (R/V Ushio-Maru, Graduate School of Fishery Sciences, Hokkaido University) 28

Fisheries production statistics (tons) at Shiretoko WNH, compiled by fishers org.

Very informative time-series data for y monitoring the changes in ecosystem t t /f ti structure/functions

28

29

○ Food web in Shiretoko marine ecosystem ○ Food web in Shiretoko marine ecosystem

Fi h i

6

Brown bear Sea eagles Fisheries

5

Toothed whale Steller sealion Seabirds Seals Shark Ray

level

Tuna Octopus Yellowtail Ocean perch

4

Squids Mackerels Salmonids Walleye pollock Pacific Cod Arabes- Flatfishes Greenlings Rockfishes Bighand thornyhead Ray

Most of keystone species have

Trophic

3

Japanese anchovy Baleen whale Crabs Starfish Japanese di Zooplankton Other fishes Pacific herring Pacific saury Sandfish Sand lance Saffron cod Arabes que green- ling Bighand thornyhead Prawn

been caught and recorded by local fishers org s

1 2

Echnoids Polycheates Phytoplankton Bivalves Snails sardine Zooplankton (copepods, krills) Sea cucumber Sea squirt

fishers org.s.

1

Phytoplankton (include ice algae) Detritus

L d Cold current Warm current Animals other than (Drawn up by the Marine Area WG

Seaweeds

Legend Cold current species Warm current species Animals other than fishes (Drawn up by the Marine Area WG

• f the Shiretoko World Natural

Heritage Site Scientific Council)

30

Voluntary MPAs by fishers to protect Walleye pollock

Since 1 9 9 5

Spaw ning ground

Since 2 0 0 5

30

Bottom trawlings are totally banned at the coastal area

31

② Adaptive management in Shiretoko marine ecosystem Adaptive management in Shiretoko marine ecosystem ② Adaptive management in Shiretoko marine ecosystem Adaptive management in Shiretoko marine ecosystem

※Ecosystems

Implementation

y

○ A complex and unpredictable system ○ Changing constantly and disturbed ○ Open system with unclear boundary

Plan Monitoring

○ Open system with unclear boundary

Evaluation・modeling ○ Adaptive management is aiming the management and use of natural resources that

Existence data・knowledge

Adaptive management ○ Adaptive management is aiming the management and use of natural resources that

allows maintaining the structure and function of the ecosystem. Changes in the ecosystem are predicted and monitored, and based on the results, the way of management and use are flexibly reviewed and adjusted. g y j ○ Adaptive management has already been implemented to maintain stable fisheries through the sustainable use of marine living resources. For example, restrictions on catch based on the TAC (Total Allowable Catch）system for walleye pollock have been ( y y p implemented, and targets for escapements, eggs, and juveniles of river-specific hatchery for chum and pink salmon are forecasted.

32

Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site Regional Liaison Committee (2003)

New system for

Liaison Committee (2003) Role: exchange information, and coordinate interests/policies amongst administrative sectors.

for coordination among

Participants: Central/local governments, Sightseeing Guide Associations, NGOs, and Fisheries Cooperative Associations.

among sectors

Shiretoko National Park Shiretoko World Natural coordination Committee for the Review

• f Proper Use (2001)

Heritage Site Scientific Council (2004) Role: Provide Scientific Advices on Role: Build use rules for coordination and cooperation management, research, and monitoring activities Role: Build use rules for tourists to reduce negative impacts on environment Participants : Scientists, Central/local P ti i t S i ti t Participants : Scientists, Central/local government, Fisheries Cooperative Associations, and NGOs. Participants: Scientists, Central/local government, NGOs. Marine WG River Construction WG Yezo Deer WG

33

How much did the government have to pay？（in FY 2006）

A t (1000 Cost item Amount (1000 yen)

Running costs for Scientific 17 548 Council 17,548 Running costs for the Review Committee and Eco-tourism 15 120

• It corresponds to

Committee and Eco-tourism Association 15,120 Research and monitoring 54,731

p about 2 % of the fisheries production

g , River improvement 284,927

p value in this area. VERY CHEAP!

Personnel 101,778 Total 470 million

（Makino et al. 2009）

34

Advantages of the Shiretoko Approach

Due respects paid to the local fishers’ knowledge and

their autonomous activities; their autonomous activities;

No exclusion of local fishers from the heritage area

(they are the core of the Ecosystem approach to co (they are the core of the Ecosystem approach to co- management).

No destruction of local norms and livelihoods; No destruction of local norms and livelihoods; Participation of local fishers to all the D/M processes;

N i b h

No expensive measures by the government.

The deputy director of the UNESCO World Heritage Center, Mr. Kishore Rao said “this is a new model of environmental conservation under the World Heritage environmental conservation under the World Heritage Program “ (Mainichi 2008). 35

Conclusion Conclusion

Fisheries development and ecosystem service Fisheries development and ecosystem service

conservation are not contradictory.

Local fishers can play the central role in the

ecosystem approach to co-management. Esp. ecosystem monitoring.

Responsible fishers that catch wide ranges of Responsible fishers, that catch wide ranges of

species, are the keystone species/component of the healthy marine ecosystems the healthy marine ecosystems.

36

Present protected areas in Japan and Russia Russia

2008/3/2 36

(Dr M.Kobayashi)

37

Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention y f y y f y

Photo by Haruuna Ueki, Off Rausu