Objectively-Measured Physical and Cognitive Fatigue Across the - - PDF document

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Objectively-Measured Physical and Cognitive Fatigue Across the - - PDF document

5/30/2019 Objectively-Measured Physical and Cognitive Fatigue Across the Lifespan in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis C. Danielle Jones, Katie L. Cederberg, E. Morghen Sikes, Robert W. Motl, Brian M. Sandroff University of Alabama at Birmingham


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  • C. Danielle Jones, Katie L. Cederberg, E. Morghen Sikes,

Robert W. Motl, Brian M. Sandroff

University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Physical Therapy

Objectively-Measured Physical and Cognitive Fatigue Across the Lifespan in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis

AGING WITH MS

  • Emerging public health and clinical

crisis

  • As of 2017, approximately 25% of persons

with MS are over age 651

  • Coincides with shifting demographics of

general population

  • Many persons with MS experience

consequences of neurological disease plus effects of aging

  • Fatigue

1 Wallin et al., 2019

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FATIGUE AS A COMPLEX PHENOMENON

  • Subjective, general state of recurrent and profound exhaustion that

is not alleviated by sleep or rest2-4

  • One of most prevalent and debilitating MS symptoms
  • Despite some efficacious treatments, mechanisms are poorly-

understood5,6

  • Inability to sustain performance during objective physical and

cognitive tasks undertaken over time (i.e., objectively-measured fatigue)7-9

  • Specific consequence of several neurological disorders, including MS7,9
  • No correlation with generalized measures of subjective fatigue in MS10,11

2 Krupp et al., 2003; 3 Andreasen et al., 2018; 4 Kluger et al., 2013; 5 Vucic et al., 2010; 6 MacAllister et al., 2005; 7 Chaudhuri et al., 2004; 8 Holtzer et al., 2010; 9 Chaudhuri & Behan, 2000; 10 DeLuca, 2005; 11 Bailey et al., 2007

OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED FATIGUE IN MS

  • May occur in both physical and cognitive domains among

persons with MS

  • Based on the inability of persons with MS to sustain performance over the

duration of physical and cognitive tasks12-16

  • Associated with physiological deconditioning and suboptimal

brain activation in persons with MS17-19

  • Objectively-measured physical and cognitive fatigue not

exclusive to MS; also common and debilitating in older adults20-22

12 Leone et al., 2016; 13 Calay et al., 2012; 14 Walker et al., 2012; 15 Morrow et al., 2015; 16Holtzer et al., 2013; 17 Ramari et al., 2018; 18 DeLuca et al. ,2008; 19 Dobryakova et al., 2018; 20 Simonsick et al., 2014; 21 Moreh et al., 2010; 22 Egerton et al., 2016;

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COGNITIVE-MOTOR COUPLING IN MS

  • Do objectively-measured physical and

cognitive fatigue worsen together with age in MS?

  • Objectively-measured physical and cognitive

dysfunction co-occur among adults with MS (i.e., cognitive-motor coupling)23,24

  • Physical and cognitive dysfunction worsen

together with increasing age in MS24, 25

  • It is unknown if that pattern of associations

extends to objectively-measured physical and cognitive fatigue

23 Benedict et al., 2011; 24 Bollaert et al., 2019; 25 Roy et al., 2016;

OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS

  • Study Objective:
  • Characterize objectively-measured physical and cognitive fatigue

across the lifespan in adults with MS based on inability to sustain performance on physical/cognitive tests over time

  • Six-minute walk (6MW)
  • Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
  • Study Hypothesis:
  • Older adults with MS would demonstrate worse objectively-measured

physical and cognitive fatigue than younger and middle-aged adults with MS

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PARTICIPANTS

  • 125 adults with definite MS diagnosis
  • Age between 20-79 years
  • Ambulatory with or without assistance
  • Relapse-free for ≥ 30 days
  • Willing and able to complete study procedures
  • A priori study aim: enroll similar number of MS participants into

separate age groups

  • Y
  • unger adults: 20 – 39 years (n = 40)
  • Middle-aged adults: 40 – 59 years (n = 44)
  • Older adults: 60 – 79 years (n = 41)

OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED PHYSICAL FATIGUE

  • 6MW was administered using standardized

instructions27

  • Recorded the distance walked (feet) each minute;

primary outcome was total distance walked over 6-minutes (i.e., actual 6MW performance)

  • Operationalized based on inability to sustain

performance over the duration of the 6MW12,13,17, 26

26 Dalgas et al., 2014; 27 Goldman et al., 2008;

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OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED PHYSICAL FATIGUE

Step 1 Step 2

  • Calculated ‘predicted sustained 6MW performance’
  • Recorded performance from 0:00-1:00 and

extrapolated that value across the duration of the 6MW (i.e., 6-minutes)

  • T
  • tal distance walked over the first minute of

the test, multiplied times 6

  • Calculated the % difference between actual

6MW performance and the ‘predicted sustained 6MW performance’ value as a function of ‘predicted sustained 6MW performance’

OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED COGNITIVE FATIGUE

  • SDMT was administered using standardized

instructions28

  • Raw score was recorded every 30-seconds; primary
  • utcome was raw score over 90-seconds (i.e., actual

SDMT performance)

  • Operationalized based on inability to sustain

performance over the duration of the SDMT16

28 Smith, 1982;

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OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED COGNITIVE FATIGUE

Step 1 Step 2

  • Calculated ‘predicted sustained SDMT performance’
  • Recorded performance from 0:00 to 0:30 and

extrapolated that value across the duration of the SDMT (i.e., 90-seconds)

  • Raw

score over the first 30-seconds of the test, multiplied times 3

  • Calculated the % difference betw

een actual SDMT performance and the ‘predicted sustained SDMT performance’ value as a function of ‘predicted sustained SDMT performance’

DISABILITY STATUS

  • Patient-Determined Disease Steps

(PDDS) scale29

  • Valid and reliable self-report

measure of disability status in MS30

  • Single item for measuring self-

reported neurological impairment

  • n an ordinal scale, ranging from 0

(normal) through 8 (bedridden)

  • Higher scores reflect worse MS-

related disability

29 Hadjimichael et al., 2007; 30 Learmonth et al., 2013;

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PROCEDURE

  • Study was approved by a University IRB and all participants

provided written informed consent

  • All participants initially provided demographic and clinical

characteristics, followed by administration of the PDDS, SDMT , and 6MW during a single session

  • All participants remunerated $25 for study completion

DATA ANALYSIS

  • All data analyzed in SPSS version 25 (SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY)

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Examined differences among age-groups in objectively- measured physical and cognitive fatigue using separate 1-way A NOVA s Post-hoc Bonferroni follow- ups to examine specific differences in objectively- measured fatigue based on age-groups Performed bivariate Pearson correlations between

  • bjectively-measured

physical and cognitive fatigue Performed additional bivariate Pearson correlations between actual 6MW and SDMT performance T

  • evaluate the extent of

cognitive-motor coupling24,25

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RESULTS - SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS

Variable Overall (n = 125) 20-39 (n = 40) 40-59 (n = 44) 60-79 (n = 41) p-value Age 49.3 (14.1) 33.2 (5.0)* ‡ 48.5 (5.8) † 65.8 (4.4) <.01 Sex (n, % female) 94/125 (75.2%) 32/40 (80.0%) 32/44 (72.7%) 30/41 (73.2%) .70 Education (y ears) 16.2 (2.3) 16.1 (2.6) 16.3 (1.9) 16.0 (2.4) .83 Race (n, % Caucasian) 80/125 (64.0%) 17/40 (42.5%) * ‡ 29/44 (65.9%) 34/41 (82.9%) <.01 MS ty pe (n, % RRMS) 107/125 (85.6%) 34/40 (85.0%) 39/44 (88.6%) 34/41 (82.9%) .82 Disease duration (y ears) 13.0 (8.6) 6.5 (5.1) * ‡ 12.4 (5.8) † 19.9 (8.7) <.01 PDDS (median, range) 1.0 (0.0 – 7.0) 1.0 (0.0-5.0) 1.0 (0.0-6.0) 2.0 (0.0-7.0) .56

Note: * denotes significant differences between younger and middle-aged; † denotes significant differences betwe en middle-aged and older; ‡ denotes differences between younger and older.

OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED PHYSICAL FATIGUE

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 Distance Walked (feet) Time

Objectively

  • Measured Phy

sical Fatigue

Overall Actual Overall Predicted S ustained

4.8%

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STEP 1A: 1-WAY ANOVA

  • No statistically significant age-group differences on objectively-

measured physical fatigue

  • F(2, 122) = 0.07, p = .94, ηp2 < .01
  • Younger, middle-aged, and older adults with MS demonstrated

similar objectively-measured physical fatigue during the 6MW

Age Group 20-39 (n = 40) 40-59 (n = 44) 60-79 (n = 41) Phy sical Fatigue (%) 4.5 (5.5) 5.1 (8.2) 4.7 (8.1)

OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED COGNITIVE FATIGUE

10 20 30 40 50 60 30

  • s

ec

  • nd

s 60

  • s

ec

  • nd

s 90

  • s

ec

  • nd

s

Raw Score Time

Objectively-Measured Cognitive Fatigue

Overall Actual Overall Predicted S ustained

9.0%

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STEP 1B: 1-WA Y ANOVA

  • Moderate-sized, statistically significant age-group difference on
  • bjectively-measured cognitive fatigue
  • F(2, 122) = 4.81, p = .01, ηp2 = .07
  • Older adults demonstrated significantly greater objectively-

measured cognitive fatigue than younger adults and middle- aged adults with MS during the SDMT

Age Group 20-39 (n = 40) 40-59 (n = 44) 60-79 (n = 41) Cognitive Fatigue (%) 6.4 (10.0) 7.8 (9.1) 12.8 (10.3) *‡

Note: * denotes significant differences between middle-aged and older; ‡ denotes differences betwee n younger and older.

STEP 2: FATIGUE CORRELATIONS

  • Non-significant Pearson correlation between objectively-measured

physical and cognitive fatigue in overall sample

r p 95% CI Overall (n = 125) .09 .34

  • .09 - .26
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STEP 3: ADDITIONAL CORRELATIONS

  • Statistically significant Pearson correlation between actual 6MW

performance and SDMT performance in the overall sample.

r p 95% CI Overall (n = 125) .52 <.01

  • .37 - .67

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

  • No significant effects of age-group on objectively-measured

physical fatigue

  • Significant age-related effects on objectively-measured

cognitive fatigue

  • Older adults with MS demonstrated greater objectively-

measured cognitive fatigue than younger and middle-aged adults with MS

  • Objectively-measured physical and cognitive fatigue were not

correlated

  • By comparison, physical and cognitive performance WERE correlated
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WHAT MIGHT THIS MEAN?

  • Effects of aging on objectively-measured cognitive fatigue might

not occur in a gradual manner across the adult lifespan in persons with MS

  • Is there a ‘point of no return’?
  • 12.8%
  • bjectively-measured cognitive fatigue ~ 6-pt difference

between actual and predicted sustained SDMT performance

  • Clinically-meaningful objectively-measured cognitive fatigue31 in older

adults with MS

  • Why objectively-measured cognitive fatigue but not physical

fatigue?

  • Lack of age-related differences in objectively-measured physical fatigue

might be due to task demands of 6MW

26,27,32,33

31 Morrow et al. Clin Neuropsychol. 2010; 32 Pepera et al., 2012; 33 Nogueira et al., 2013

;

WHAT MIGHT THIS MEAN?

  • Presence of cognitive-motor coupling across the

lifespan

  • Consistent with results from previous studies23,24,34,35
  • Cognitive-motor coupling might not extend into

domains of objectively-measured fatigue

  • Objectively-measured physical and cognitive fatigue

might represent separate constructs and have distinct neural correlates

  • Cognitive fatigue: basal ganglia volume and activation36-

38

  • Physical fatigue: cortical and subcortical areas39,40

35 D'Orio et al., 2012; 36 Genova et al., 2013; 37 DeLuca et al., 2008; 38 Dobryakova et al., 2018; 39 Filippi et al., 2002; 40 Andreasen et al., 2010;

Adapted from Bolo et al. 2015, JNeurosci.

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IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION

  • Need to develop interventions for reducing
  • bjectively-measured cognitive fatigue in older adults

with MS

  • Exercise training?
  • Exercise training reduces generalized fatigue in persons

with MS41-43 and general population44

  • Exercise may improve cognitive performance and prevent

cognitive decline in persons with MS and older adults without MS45

41 Heine et al., 2015; 42 Asano et al., 2014; 43 Pilutti et al., 2013; 44 Puetz et al., 2006; 45 Sandroff et al., 2018;

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

Strengths Limitations

  • A priori recruitment of persons

with MS across the lifespan

  • Use of well-characterized
  • bjective fatigue measures7,9
  • Large overall sample
  • Lack of inclusion of age- and sex-

matched control participants

  • Cross-sectional design
  • Lack of generalizability to

persons with progressive MS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  • Everyone in attendance
  • ENRL Co-Directors: Prof. Rob Motl and Prof. Brian Sandroff
  • Research staff of post-docs, grads, and project coordinators
  • Research participants
  • Questions?
  • Email: cdj88@uab.edu