Nutrition Academy Science for better Nutrition Module 1 of 7 For - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nutrition Academy

Science for better Nutrition Module 1 of 7

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Modules overview

Modules

March The importance of Nutrition in the 1st 1000 days April The nutritional needs of the premature infant May Why breastmilk for healthy full term infants June What to or not to feed non- breastfeeding infants. July Complementary feeding and Nutrition for Toddlers August Nutrition for special needs: Constipation/ Diarrhoea/Reflux/ Colic and cramping September Nutrition for special needs: Allergies

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Module 1 Objectives of the Module

 In this module you will learn:

 What does the 1st 1000 Days mean  Development of a child 0-36 months

 Physical growth  Body Composition  Brain Immunity  GIT  Nutritional requirements

 Short term and long term impact of nutrtion in the 1st 1000 days

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Development in the first 1000 days

 Starts with pregnancy and last until the toddlers 2nd birthday  The crucial stages of a baby’s life is a period of rapid development and

growth

 The right nutrition and feeding practices during this phase puts baby on a

path to a healthier future

 The 1st 1000 days are a period of programming for his future health  Nutritional programming in the 1st 1000 days can be explained by changes to

the baby’s gene expression through nutrition

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Metabolic programming

‘‘a stimulus or insult during a critical or sensitive period of development can have long-term or lifetime effects on an organism.’’ Lucas 1982

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The right nutrition and feeding practices during this critical time put baby on the path to a healthier future

 1. Nutrition

The right nutrition and feeding practices in the First 1000 Days lay the foundation for baby’s lifelong health & wellbeing.

 2. Health

Baby‘s First 1000 Days are a period of programming his future health.

 3. Programming

Nutritional programming in the First 1000 Days can be explained by changes to baby’s gene expression through nutrition.

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Children who get the right nutrition in the 1st 1000 days are more likely to:

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DEVELOPMENT

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PREGNANCY

Pregnant women have special nutritional needs - in order to nourish themselves and the growing foetus, they need up to 80% more of important nutrients to create an optimal environment for growth and development. While pregnant women don’t need to “eat for two”, meaning twice as much as usual, they do need to choose high quality foods, which contain all the important nutrients.

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PREGNANCY

Weight gain during pregnancy should remain in the recommended ranges according to pre-pregnancy body mass index to support moms’ health and babies’ healthy growth and development as well as their future health. A healthy diet paired with moderate physical activities and good habits allow for future mothers to cover their special nutritional needs, maintain healthy weight gain during pregnancy, ensure baby’s healthy growth and development and positively influence their future health.

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

30 DAYS

An embryo is the small ball of cells that forms shortly after the egg has been fertilised and contains half the DNA from the mother and half from the father. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

Week 3: Heart CNS Central Nervous System

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

60 DAYS

In humans it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilisation. After this it is called a foetus. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

Week 4-5: Eyes & legs Week 6: Teeths & Ears Week 7-9: External Genitalia & Palate

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

90 DAYS

It consists of three distinct layers of cells known as the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm. The endoderm will develop into the baby’s digestive system, liver and lungs. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

120 DAYS

The mesoderm will develop into heart, reproductive organs, bones, kidneys and muscles. The ectoderm will form other organs and tissues including hair, nervous system, skin and eyes. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

Week 20-36: Brain

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

150 DAYS

Because the body needs more fuel to help „build“ the baby, energy needs increase starting in the second trimester by up to 21%. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

180 DAYS

The baby’s lungs are developing branches. It now measures about 23 centimetres and weighs 750 grams. The baby’s lungs are getting ready to breathe, producing branches and surfactant, a substance to help it breathe in the outside world. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

210 DAYS

The baby’s brain develops further. It is now around 43 centimetres long and weighs about 1.4 kilograms. As it grows in size, the volume of the fluid will gradually reduce. To accommodate its rapidly growing brain, the head grows in size. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

240 DAYS

The baby should now cross the two kilogram mark and should be almost 50 centimetres long. Fat deposits make it look chubbier and rounder. The lungs and the central nervous system are continuously maturing. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

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Stages of foetal/embryo growth & development:

270 DAYS

The baby can now function independently. It looks plumper and its organs are now fully mature, ready to function independently. It has a firm grasp and reflexes to help it adapt in the world outside. 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270

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Maternal underweight & undernutrition during pregnancy can affect moms’ health:

Underweight & iron-deficiency anaemia:

• Maternal mortality
• Premature birth

Underweight & undernutrition:

• Maternal nutrient deficiencies (such as iron-

deficiency anaemia & zinc-deficiency)

• Miscarriage

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Maternal overweight & excessive weight gain during pregnancy can affect moms’ health:

Leading to an increased risk in:

• Infertility (e.g. polycystic ovary syndrome)
• Miscarriage
• Gestational diabetes
• Hypertension, pre-eclampsia
• Venous thromboembolism
• Longer duration of labour
• Elective & unplanned cesarean delivery

(with increased complications)

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Maternal underweight & undernutrition during pregnancy can affect babies’ health:

Consequences of low birth weight:

• Poor cognitive development
• Short adult height
• Increased risk of chronic diseases later in life: type 2

diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer,

• besity & metabolic syndrome
• Negative effects on the developing

immune system

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Maternal overweight & excessive weight gain during pregnancy can affect babies’ health:

• Macrosomia (BIG BABY)

(birth weight > 4.5 kg)

• Structural birth defects

(e.g. neural tube defects, heart abnormalities…) Chronic diseases later in life:

• type 2 diabetes
• cardiovascular diseases
• childhood obesity
• breast cancer
• metabolic syndrome

BREASTFEEDING + 180 DAYS

Breast milk is unique, extremely complex and impossible to mimic. It‘s the miracle baby food and it‘s made by each mother. Amazing nourishment the body naturally makes. 180 days of exclusive breastfeeding followed by the introductions of nutritious and appropriate complementary foods along with sustained breastfeeding up to two years of age and beyond!

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Protein

 For infants 0–6 months of age, human

milk is considered the ideal food and the protein intake to be sufficient to maintain growth and to meet other needs

 The protein requirement for children is

affected by both the quantity and quality of the protein source

 All EAA requirements must be met by

the diet to ensure normal rates of protein synthesis in healthy children

 Therefore, consumption of ‘high-

quality’ protein rich in the 9 EAA, principally animal sources such as meat, poultry, eggs, milk products and complementary mixtures of plant protein, is recommended 9 essential amino acids

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Breastfed infants consume 80% less protein than Formula fed infants in the 1st 6 months of life

Alexy 1999

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Breastmilk has less Protein and Energy than routine infant formula

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Human milk has the lowest protein content of all mammal breastmilk

Sellen D 2007

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↓ Breastmilk protein = ↓ Growth velocity

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INFANT TO TODDLER + 550 DAYS

Mothers can continue breastfeeding up to two years … Have a more detailed look at the various developmental stages regarding physical growth, cognitive skills, personality as well as eating skills and satiety cues in children from infant to toddler…

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Pushes up Express

Development: Physical growth

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Height gain….

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Deviations in the form of stunting or accelerated growth can have negative long term consequences

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Body fat composition

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Body Protein

Total Protein intake as a % of Energy should be between 10-12%

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BONES: A higher peak bone mass reduces the risk of

• steoporosis later

in life.

Bone development during infancy and childhood influences our „peak bone mass”. A reduction of bone growth in this stage may increase the risk of osteoperosis in adulthood.

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The brain starts developing a few days after conception and weighs about 300g to 350g at birth. By then, it contains all the neurons (basic cells making up brain and nervous system) it will ever have. Myelination, or the process of covering axons with a protective fatty substance, is nearly complete in the areas responsible for sight and hearing.

• 3. BRAIN

By 2 years the brain weight reaches around 80% of its adult size.

Nutrition and stimulating interaction play a vital role in brain and cognitive development during the first years of life.

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Most of the brain and immunity maturation

• ccurs during infancy and childhood.

Growth in influenced by multiple factors: Nutrition Genetics Hormones Environmental exposures Emotional support

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Peak development of important brain functions occurs in the first year…

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While good nutrition is vital in building a strong immune system, especially vitamins A, C & E as well as zinc, malnutrition can lead to the opposite, making the body susceptible to infections and diseases.

• 4. IMMUNITY.

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• 1. Innate Immunity

Immunity which begins to develop in the womb.

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• 2. Passive Immunity

Short term immunity passed on to the child, for example through antibodies in colostrum & breast milk.

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• 3. Acquired Immunity

Immunity which develops over time in response to specific threats of infections for example vaccinations and exposure to bacteria.

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Acquired immunity, begins developing in response to specific threats of infections. The frequent exposure to bacteria and viruses, especially during toddlerhood, cause our bodies to recognise them and in turn create antibodies, storing them in a permanent immunological memory. This is the basis of all vaccination programmes during infancy and childhood.

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Acquired immunity

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• 5. GASTRO- INTESTINAL

Development of gastro system in The First 1000 Days…

With 20% of the gastric capacity of an adult, meeting babies` nutritional needs is a challenge!

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Microflora establishes around 18 months

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• 7. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Key nutrients for growth & development

Birth – 6 months

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6-12 months

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By 2 years of age, children start eating the same foods as adults.

12-24 months

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Small tummies require dense nutrition!

Here`s an

• verview of

the power of nutrition for the First 1000 Days and the short- and long-term impacts…

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The right nutrition during pregnancy - from conception to birth - is the first cornerstone in shaping baby’s future health. Science clearly shows that mom’s nutrition, her body weight before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy can impact her baby’s short-term and long-term health, not only her child’s risk of obesity

PREGNANCY

Mom`s nutrition and body weight before and during pregnancy impacts babys` health.

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Appropriate nutrition and body weight before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of childhood obesity and contribute to a healthy start in life.

SHORT-Term Impact

• 1. Birth weight & other

health indicators

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Eating a variety of foods during pregnancy exposes baby to different flavours while still in the womb, helping the baby accept new foods later on.

SHORT-Term Impact

• 2. Future Taste Preferences

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Mom’s balanced nutrition and appropriate body weight before and during pregnancy help reduce the risk of her child developing obesity later in life.

LONG-Term Impact

• 3. Obesity later in life

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 Cardiovascular diseases, especially heart diseases and stroke  Type-2 diabetes  High blood pressure

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• Best nutrition: All nutrients baby needs
• Lifelong health: less allergies, obesity, diabetes…
• Sensory & cognitive development

BREASTFEEDING

Breastfeeding is the best nutritional start for a baby.

• Healthy growth pattern
• Immunity

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BREASTFEEDING

Breastfeeding is best. Exclusive Breastfeeding, the best nutrition during the first 6 months.

Breast milk is the ideal food for newborns and infants. World Health Organization’s recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, followed by the introduction of nutritious and appropriate complementary foods along with sustained breastfeeding up to two years of age and beyond. Breastfeeding has short- and long-term benefits.

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Breastfeeding or choosing formula with high-quality proteins in reduced quantity can make babies less likely to become obese later in life.

LONG-Term Impact

• 4. Proteins & obesity

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The period of complementary feeding also offers opportunities to shape babies’ short-term and long-term health by providing science-based high-quality complementary food and feeding practices. During the complementary feeding period, babies continue to grow and develop and therefore have a higher need for nutrients compared to adults.

Nutrition during Complementary Feeding

Complementary foods and feeding practices can influence baby’s short-term and long-term health.

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Nutrient-dense complementary foods can help avoid potential nutrient gaps in early childhood.

SHORT-Term Impact

• 1. Proteins & obesity

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Undernutrition, especially during the first two years of life, has important health consequences, both in the short-term and long-term…

SHORT-term:

Children are e.g. more sick, have a short life expectancy, impaired cognitive development/ poor school performance and impaired growth.

LONG-term:

As adults: e.g. low cognitive abilities and low economic productivity resulting in low lifelong earnings and short stature.

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Let’s recap….

 The first 1000 days start at conception and goes into the child's

3rd year of life

 Nutritional and metabolic factors during sensitive, limited

periods of early human development have long-term programming effects on health, well-being and performance in later life… extending into adulthood and old age

 Obstetric and paediatric medicine are expected to achieve a

much greater role in the prevention of long term disease risks in populations

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You finished your first module of the NNIA Nutrition Academy :The First 1000 Days. Thank you!

CONGRATULATION!

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