Nuclear energy and public acceptance Prof. Dr. Attila Aszdi - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
nuclear energy and public acceptance
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Nuclear energy and public acceptance Prof. Dr. Attila Aszdi - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 23, 2024 246 likes •559 views

Tianwan, China Source: A.Aszdi Nuclear energy and public acceptance Prof. Dr. Attila Aszdi Government Commissioner, Paks-2 project Prime Ministers Office, Hungary Professor, Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Nuclear energy and public acceptance

  • Prof. Dr. Attila Aszódi

Government Commissioner, Paks-2 project Prime Minister’s Office, Hungary Professor, Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Teaching Physics Innovatively New Learning Environments and Methods in Physics Education 17-19 August 2015, Budapest

Tianwan, China Source: A.Aszódi

slide-2
SLIDE 2

What are the biggest threats of the 21th century?

  • Climate change
  • Increased frequency of extreme weather conditions
  • UNsustainable development
  • Security of energy supply
  • Overpopulation
  • Terrorism
  • War
  • Migration

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

2

  • Misunderstanding and misinterpretation of

natural and technical sciences

Budapest, 2015.08.17.

Source: index.hu

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Normal habit: goods, products are stored…

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

3

…in factories during transportation by wholesalers during transportation to retailers by retailers during shopping at home …right before consumption. during transportation to home

Source: web, various

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Electricity is a different product!

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

4

  • Only very limited storage possible!

Source: acust.kcpl.com Source: MAVIR

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Grid frequency [Hz] 50 49 51

The electricity is a special product

Consumption Production

Balance of consumption and production for every second necessary to ensure grid stability and supply quality, 24/7/365/... Electricity cannot be stored (in really large quantities). Any deviation in frequency shall be restored ASAP.

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

5

  • Different levels of electricity system control

– Primary (immediate intervention), – Secondary (frequency restoration in ~5 minutes), – Tertiary (10-15 minutes) reserves.

  • Necessary reserves are determined in advance.
slide-6
SLIDE 6

Daily electricity load curves

  • Demand depends on many variables (workdays/holiday,

summer/winter, special weather conditions, etc.)

  • Load peaks occur usually in cold winter (energy demand

for heating) and recently also in hot summer (air conditioning)

  • Different typical load curves

12/10/2015 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Hungarian daily load curve on a summer workday Hungarian daily load curve on a winter holiday

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

6 Data provided by ENTSO-E

Hourly load (MW) Hourly load (MW)

hours hours

slide-7
SLIDE 7

7

Electricity production in Germany: January 2014

Wind PV Conventional >100 MW

Source: Stromerzeugung aus Solar- und Windenergie im Jahr 2014, Fraunhofer ISE

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Electricity production in Germany: January 2014

8

Hydro Biomass Nuclear Lignite Hardcoal Gas Pumped Stor. Wind PV

Source: Stromerzeugung aus Solar- und Windenergie im Jahr 2014, Fraunhofer ISE

slide-9
SLIDE 9

9

Electricity production in Germany: June 2014

Wind PV Conventional >100 MW

Source: Stromerzeugung aus Solar- und Windenergie im Jahr 2014, Fraunhofer ISE

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Electricity production in Germany: June 2014

10

Hydro Biomass Nuclear Lignite Hardcoal Gas Pumped Stor. Wind PV

A német villamosenergia-termelés 2014 júniusában Jól látható a jelentős naperőművi termelés (csekély széllel kombinálva) A gázerőművek teljesítménye szinte nulla!

Source: Stromerzeugung aus Solar- und Windenergie im Jahr 2014, Fraunhofer ISE

slide-11
SLIDE 11

How to meet the demands?

  • Example: Germany in the middle of August 2014
  • Stable demand peak during weekdays (~60 000 MW), but changing

weather conditions

  • Large differences in renewable production
  • Daily peak production of conventional power plants varies from 30 000

to 50 000 MW, export-import balance varies from -10 000 MW to +5000 MW

12/10/2015

Large wind power generation with low solar power, exporting electricity almost all day Wind power generation stopped, but the sun is shining again -> about 20 000 MW less generation at peak load (importing electricity + larger role of conventinal plants)

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

11

Source: Fraunhofer Institute

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Germany, 17 August 2014

Source: Frauenhofer Institut

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

12

slide-13
SLIDE 13

Germany, 17 August 2014

Source: EEX

12/10/2015

German spot electricity prices on 17 August 2014 (euro/MWh)

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

13

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Daily electricity load curves

  • Demand depends on many variables (workdays/holiday,

summer/winter, special weather conditions, etc.)

  • Load peaks occur usually in cold winter (energy demand

for heating) and recently also in hot summer (air conditioning)

  • Different typical load curves

12/10/2015 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Hungarian daily load curve on a summer workday Hungarian daily load curve on a winter holiday

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

14 Data provided by ENTSO-E

Hourly load (MW) Hourly load (MW)

hours hours Sun (PV) Sun (PV)

slide-15
SLIDE 15

The German situation

  • Germany uses the European

transmission system as a regulating capacity

– Exporting electricity in case of high renewable generation (mainly in summer), importing in case of low renewable generation – This method is working only if a few countries are following this way…

  • Negative electricity prices as a

consequence of renewable

  • verproduction + and renewable

subsidies

– Competitive disadvantage for conventional power plants (however, they are necessary for electricity system regulation!)

  • Is the German example that one we

need to follow? Is it sustainable?

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

15

slide-16
SLIDE 16

How to meet the demands?

  • The task is to balance the quickly changing renewable production, with

regard to the continuously changing demand

  • Additional difficulty:

weather-dependence

  • f renewable

production  hard to forecast, big discrepancies between forecast and real production!

12/10/2015

Practically zero production for 2 days 100 MW overproduction during the thunderstorms

Example: last week of the Hungarian wind generation (with an installed capacity

  • f 330 MW)
  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

16

Source: MAVIR

slide-17
SLIDE 17

How to meet the demands?

  • What happens, if there are serious weak points in the

electricity systems?

  • Recent example of Poland: heat wave with 38 °C

maximal temperatures

– Polish electricity generation relies on inefficient old coal fire plants – Bottlenecks in cross-border transmission lines

  • Restriction for electricity supply of industrial

companies until the end of August – negative economical consequences!

  • Plus: no meatball at IKEA shops

in Poland… (because of electricity shortages)

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

17 Source: Foreign Policy,

http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/11/record-breaking-european-heatwave-forces-ikea-to-take- meatballs-off-menu-in-poland/

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Role of base load power plants

  • Base load power plant: continuously operating,

economically advantageous power plant with large installed capacity

  • Typically nuclear,

coal-fired and combined-cycle natural gas plants

12/10/2015

Nuclear Nuclear

Typical role of nuclear plants as baseload power plants

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

18

Source: WNA

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Nuclear energy

  • 438 nuclear power plant

units in operation worldwide

– 379 GWe installed capacity

  • 67 units under

construction (24 in China, 9 in Russia)

– New construction in Europe: Finland, France, Slovakia

  • After Fukushima:

– Germany: closure of 8 units, remaining units planned to be shutdown until 2022 (-> „Energiewende”) – Japan: progressive shutdown of all 54 units, strict safety re-evaluation, safety improvements

  • Sendai Unit 1 restarted on 11 August 2015

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

19

Source: IAEA

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Nuclear electricity generation (according to WEO „new policy” scenario)

12/10/2015 Source: IEA: WEO 2014, p. 390.

EU: maintaining the nuclear capacity

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

20

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Economical competitiveness

Source: IEA: WEO 2014, p. 371. 12/10/2015

New Paks units

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

21

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Nuclear energy in the European Union

  • Nuclear energy has an important role in EU electricity generation!
  • Largest nuclear electricity producers: France (58 units in operation), UK (16 units),

Sweden (10 units), Germany (8 units)

  • EU member states have the right to choose their way to produce electricity – different

solutions for different resources

  • No common EU energy policy, but common European energy targets:

– Increasing the supply safety – Limitation of climate change – Improving of economical competitiveness

  • Hungary decided to

apply nuclear energy

  • n a long term in order

to meet the EU energy targets

  • Hungarian energy policy:

issued in 2011

– „Nuclear-green-coal” scenario for climate protection, competitiveness and sustainability targets – In favor of nuclear energy (maintaining the present capacity

  • f the Paks NPP)

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

22

slide-23
SLIDE 23

The Hungarian electricity consumption

  • 2013: Total gross electricity consumption: 42 189,2 GWh

– Domestic production: 30 311,5 GWh – Imported electricity: 11 877,7 GWh

  • Expected rate of growth: 1,3%/year (later 1%/year)
  • Until 2030 roughly 7300 MW new capacity has to be built

– Within this, 3100-6500 MW can be large PPs (eg.: nuclear), 1600 MW small PPs on renewable sources

Sources of gross electritiy consumption (MAVIR) Peak load

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

23

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Share of net import in total electricity consumption in 2013

Source: ENTSO-E data

  • 60%
  • 40%
  • 20%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

NET IMPORTERS NET EXPORTERS

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

24

slide-25
SLIDE 25

28 March 2014 12 February 2014

New units at Paks NPP

14 January 2014 Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) About the cooperation on the peaceful use of nuclear energy a Act II/2014 About the announcement of the IGA, in force on 12 February 30 June 2014 1358/2014. (VI.30) Govt. decree About the nomination of a government commissioner on the Paks-2 project 23 June 2014 Act XXIV/2014 About the announcement of the FIGA Intergovernmental Agreement (Financial IGA) About the interstate loan for the extension of Paks NOO

  • Paks NPP: extension on the agenda since the

80’s

  • 30th March, 2009: decision-in-principle of the

Hungarian Parliament about new units

  • 2012: establishment of MVM Paks II. Nuclear

Power Plant Development Ltd

  • January 2014: Intergovernmental agreement
  • n the peaceful use of nuclear energy by

Russia and Hungary

– Two VVER-1200 type reactors at the Paks site – Russian loan for the 80% of construction costs – Key point of the IGA: 40% localization level (share of domestic suppliers) – Nuclear fuel supply is available from the Russian party – Spent fuel management (interim storage or reprocessing in Russia), while the spent fuel or the residual waste (in case of reprocessing) will be transferred back to Hungary

12/10/2015

9 December 2014 Implementation agreements signed with JSC NIAEP on EPC, operation and maintenance support and nuclear fuel supply

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

25

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Hungarian requirements

Nuclear safety is the main priority! The reactor has to comply with the Hungarian requirements (NBSZ) and the international standards The probability of accidents shall be minimized Feedback of the Fukushima lessons Main safety functions shall be met in all

  • perational condition:
  • Control of chain

reaction

  • Cooling of the fuel
  • Retaining

radioactivity 11 600 requirements! – App.1.1. Based on Hungarian requirements, EUR, IAEA recommendations

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

26

slide-27
SLIDE 27

Planned milestones of the Paks-2 project

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Approval for site investigation program Environ- mental licence MEKH principal permit

Site licence

Construction licence MEKH Construction licence Licences for systems and components

Commissioning licence

5 & 6

Operation licence

5 & 6 Working design from 2017 Detailed design from 2015 Construction, manufacturing and mounting from 2018 Commissioning from 2024

5. 6.

Commercial

  • peration

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

27

slide-28
SLIDE 28

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

  • The preliminary environmental

consultation document was submitted to the authority in 2012

  • EIA submitted to the competent authority
  • n 19th December 2014
  • No environmental effects are

foreseeable beyond the legal limits

  • EIA is available at the website of the

Paks2 project: mvmpaks2.hu

  • Public hearing held in Paks in May 2015

– Further public hearings expected in autumn 2015 in concerned countries

  • Main environmental effects of the new

units:

– During the construction: noise load, air pollution, vibration – During operation: heat load, radioactive release from normal operation (accidental release is evaluated as well)

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

28

slide-29
SLIDE 29

Human resource needs for the construction

OVERALL Architecture overall Engineering overall Electronics overall

OVERALL Architecture overall Engineering overall Electronics overall

12/10/2015

  • Dr. Attila ASZÓDI

29