None Lucas Zier, MD, MS Rachel Stern, MD February 21 st , 2020 - - PDF document

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None Lucas Zier, MD, MS Rachel Stern, MD February 21 st , 2020 - - PDF document

2/12/2020 Disclosures Caring for the Vulnerable and Underserved Heart Failure Patient None Lucas Zier, MD, MS Rachel Stern, MD February 21 st , 2020 Zuckerberg San Francisco General Zuckerberg San Francisco General 2 Learning objectives


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2/12/2020 1

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Caring for the Vulnerable and Underserved Heart Failure Patient

February 21st, 2020

Lucas Zier, MD, MS Rachel Stern, MD

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Disclosures

None

2

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Learning objectives

Understand the Challenges in Caring for Vulnerable and Underserved Heart Failure Patients

Define Best Practices for Caring for Inpatient Heart Failure Patients

Describe key components of outpatient heart failure management

Identify how systems of care can be built to support vulnerable patients with heart failure.

3

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Challenges in Caring for Vulnerable and Underserved Heart Failure Patients

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Audience Response Question

Safety net hospitals are, as a group, financially penalized in the following way for heart failure readmissions compared to non safety net hospitals in programs like the hospital readmissions reduction program:

  • 1. Over penalized
  • 2. Under penalized
  • 3. No difference in penalties

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

6 Heart Failure Update

Comparison of Total Heart Failure Visits by Site

FY 2016-2018

Source: Vizient.

ZSFG Stanford UCSF

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

2017 Heart Failure Readmits compared to Peer Institutions

Heart Failure Update 7

Vizient 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% ZSFG Santa Clara Valley* LAC USC* Harbor UCLA* UCSF Med ctr

Almost 50% higher than LA County USC

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Humble Inquiry: “You Picked an Unsolvable Problem”

Social determinants

  • Homelessness and substance use lead to non-adherence

People with heart failure are just sick

  • Readmission rate reflects co-morbidities we can’t change

Inpatient: pressure to discharge as soon as patients can walk

  • PCPs can titrate diuretics and neurohormonal blockade

Outpatient: PCPs don’t have the expertise to manage advanced heart failure

Aren’t readmissions correlated with decreased mortality?

Heart Failure Update 8

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Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Heart Failure Update 9

System-Wide Challenges

Inpatient

  • Varied adherence to

best practices and guideline directed therapies

Care Transitions

  • Antiquated

appointment system

  • Varied adherence to

best practices

Outpatient

  • Limited heart failure

expertise

  • Infrequent visits for a

high touch disease

  • PCPs managing HF

with limited help

Patients with a complex, outpatient disease were being managed with repeated hospital admissions

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Best Practices for Inpatient Management of Heart Failure

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Audience Response Question

Heart failure patients should be discharged when the following criteria have been met:

  • 1. No longer symptomatic from heart failure
  • 2. Euvolemic
  • 3. Initiated on guideline directed medical

therapy

  • 4. Initiated on guideline directed medical

therapy and euvolemic

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Inpatient Management Goals of Heart Failure

Neurohormonal Blockade (Reduce Mortality) Guideline directed medical therapy Decongestion (Systemic Unloading) Diuresis Dialysis

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Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Relationship between HF Length of Stay and Readmission Rate

Heart Failure Update 13

Sud M, et al. JACC: HF. 2017. Days to Readmission

  • Long length of stay associated

with increased rates readmission and mortality.

  • Reason: these patients are

sick.

  • Short length of stay is associated

with increased rates of readmission

  • Reason: Patients not euvolemic on

discharge Internal data: most HF admissions shorter than national average, tight correlation between LOS and readmission rate

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Inpatient Management Timeline

Aggressive Diuresis

Diagnostics Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Principles of Effective Diuretic Use

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

The Everest Score and Mortality

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Principles of Effective Diuretic Use

▪ Establish dose responsiveness ▪ Employ sequential nephron blockade if indicated ▪ Set daily diuresis goals based upon:

  • Clinical Exam (IVC ultrasound exam)
  • Weight
  • I/Os
  • Labs

▪ DIURESE TO EUVOLEMIA!

Zuckerberg San Francisco General Mannitol Acetazolamide Furosemide Bumetanide Torsemide Ethacrynic Acid Chlorthiazide Metolazone Spironolactone Eplerenone Tolvaptan Conivaptan

Some require sequential nephron blockade

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Initiate diuresis by doubling the patient’s outpatient diuretic dose (give IV) OR Administer 20-40 mg IV furosemide if diuretic naive Double the IV diuretic dose Q4-6 hours until patient responds to diuretics (i.e. patient is net negative 200-300 cc per hour) and add afterload reduction with hydralazine or ACEI/ARB If the patient is not responsive to 160 mg IV furosemide or 4 mg IV bumex then add 250-500 mg IV chlorthiazide to next diuretic bolus to assess responsiveness If patient is not responsive to high dose loop diuretic and adjunctive thiazide then initiate furosemide or bumex drip at furosemide 20 mg/hr or bumex 0.5 -1 mg/hr with chlorthiazide 500 mg IV Q6 +/- acetazolamide 500 mg IV Q12 If patient is not responsive to maximal nephron blockade (bumex gtt @ 1 mg/hr, chlorthiazide 500 mg IV Q6, azetazolamide 500 mg Q12) then start a low dose inotrope and call renal for PUF

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Intravascular Space

  • Jugular venous pressure
  • Ventricular filling pressures (S3)

Extravascular Space

  • Peripheral edema
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Pleural effusions

Plasma Refill Rate (4 L/day)

Daily goal: Diurese the patient as rapidly and completely as possible without exceeding the plasma refill rate

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SLIDE 6

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Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Daily Diuretic Goals

Severely volume overloaded  3-4L net negative

Moderately volume overloaded  2-3L net negative

Mildly volume overloaded  1-2L net negative

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Euvolemia

▪ JVP/IVC is flat and collapsing (intravascular euvolemia) ▪ No peripheral edema or crackles are present (extravascular euvolemia) ▪ The patient does not report orthopnea, or dyspnea (symptoms) ▪ Patient is pre-renal by labs or creatinine has bumped slightly

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Inpatient Management Goals of Heart Failure

Neurohormonal Blockade (Reduce Mortality) Guideline directed medical therapy Decongestion (Systemic Unloading) Diuresis Dialysis

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Inpatient Management Timeline

Aggressive Diuresis

Diagnostics

Uptitrate ACEI/ARB (HFrEF) Uptitrate BB (HFrEF) Uptitrate MRA

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The Magic of Neurohormonal Blockade

NNT to Prevent One Death Over 1-2 Years 7-22 18-26 9-33

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

A Word about HFpEF…

There are no evidence based medications for the neurohormonal treatment of HFpEF

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Transitioning to Outpatient Care…

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Inpatient Management Timeline

Aggressive Diuresis

Diagnostics

Uptitrate ACEI/ARB (HFrEF) Uptitrate BB (HFrEF) Uptitrate MRA

LHC/RHC

Diuretic Trial Stable Dose Stable Dose Stable Dose

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Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Discharge Diuretics

▪ Convert active IV diuretic dose to oral dose then reduce dose by one half to estimate maintenance, outpatient diuretic dose ▪ Approximate outpatient diet and fluid intake and monitor patient in the hospital for 24 hours ▪ If the patient is negative 500-1000 ml in the 24-hour period you have identified the maintenance, oral diuretic dose

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Early Follow-up Decreases Hospital Readmission

Hernandez et al. JAMA. 2010;303(17):1716-1722

Early Follow-up = Within 7 days of discharge

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

ZSFG Heart Failure Discharge Planning Tool

Volume Status Medications Follow-up

Edema present? JVP visible above the clavicle at 90 degrees? IVC < 2.1 cm and > 50% collapsible?

Yes

Euvolemic HFrEF Guideline Directed Medical Therapy Patient on a STABLE dose of ORAL diuretics with net

  • utput of negative 500-

1000ml over the last 24 hours? EF <40%? Patient prescribed carvedilol or metoprolol XL? Patient prescribed ACEI

  • r ARB?

Patient prescribed spironolactone?

No Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Yes Yes No No No No No No

Dry weight clearly documented in discharge summary?

No Ye s

Cardiology follow up within 7 days? PCP follow up within 7 days? Prescription for 30 days of medications?

Ye s Ye s No No No Ye s

Discharge

Patient MRN: Discharge Date: Service Attending: Primary Care Provider: If all are criteria are NOT met prior to discharge please briefly explain on the reverse of this sheet No

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Best Practices for Outpatient Management of Heart Failure

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Outpatient Management goals if Heart Failure

Identify reversible etiologies

  • ACE inhibitors/ARBs
  • Beta blockers
  • Mineralocorticoid agonists
  • Salcubitril/valsartan
  • SGLT-2 inhibitors

Prescribe effective medications at adequate doses

  • Diuresis
  • Dialysis

Maintain euvolemia

  • Labs
  • Imaging
  • Invasive Testing

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Audience Response Question

A 70 year old man with chronic HFrEF presents to your clinic for scheduled follow up. He reports he is overall well and denies worsening dyspnea, orthopnea or PND. Exam reveals a JVP of 12 cm and 2+ lower extremity edema Documented dry weight is 90 kg and current weight is 95 kg. Baseline creatinine is 1.2 and current creatinine is 1.5 with normal electrolytes. Blood pressure is 95/66 mm

  • Hg. Current diuretic regimen is furosemide 60 mg daily. What is the

best strategy to manage this patient’s volume overload?

  • A. Send to the patient to the the ED for IV diuresis and possible

admission

  • B. Increase furosemide to 80 mg daily, check volume status and labs

in 3-5 days

  • C. Increase furosemide to 120 mg daily for three days, see patient in

follow up after three days and check labs and volume status

  • D. Continue current diuretic therapy
  • E. Add 2.5 mg metolazone daily and check labs and volume status in
  • ne week

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Answer C

Increase furosemide to 120 mg daily for three days, see patient in follow up after three days and check labs and volume status

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Diuresis in primary care: Who

  • Mildly or moderately volume overloaded
  • No acute kidney injury
  • No new oxygen requirement
  • No new arrhythmias

Not too sick

  • Able/willing to follow up soon.
  • Has or can obtain a scale.

Has the tools

Who can diurese as an outpatient?

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Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Diuresis in primary care: How

  • Baseline metabolic panel
  • Double loop diuretic dose OR
  • Sequential nephron blockade if starting with >120mg

furosemide or 3mg bumetanide

  • CALL Clinic if not losing 1-2lbs/day.

Day 1

  • Return for weight, symptom, metabolic panel and volume

status check

  • If inadequate diuresis can…
  • Double loop diuretic again and make BiD OR
  • Add chlorothiazide 250mg or metolazone 2.5mg
  • Repeat until euvolemic

Day 3-4

How to diurese as an outpatient

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Diuresis in primary care: Follow-up

  • (Semi) Reversible etiology
  • Ischemia
  • Valvular disease
  • Stimulant or alcohol use
  • More rare things
  • Inadequate neurohormonal blockade
  • Barriers to diuretic adherence
  • Education
  • Creative bathroom solutions
  • They have bad heart failure

Why does the fluid keep coming back?

Outpatient diuresis follow up

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Outpatient Management Goals of Heart Failure

Identify reversible etiologies

  • ACE inhibitors/ARBs
  • Beta blockers
  • Mineralocorticoid agonists
  • Salcubitril/valsartan
  • SGLT-2 inhibitors

Prescribe effective medications at adequate doses

  • Diuresis
  • Dialysis

Maintain euvolemia

  • Labs
  • Imaging
  • Invasive Testing

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Audience response question

A 73 year old woman with chronic HFrEF with EF 20% presents to your clinic for follow up after a recent admission for a heart failure exacerbation. She reports mild fatigue but appears euvolemic on exam. She does not report dizziness

  • r

light headedness. Current vital signs are HR 72, BP 91/67, RR 12, O2 sat 98% on RA. Her current heart failure regimen consists of carvedilol 3.125 mg BID, lisinopril 40 mg daily, spironolactone 25 mg daily. What is the best management strategy for this patient’s medical regimen?

  • A. Continue current medical regimen
  • B. Decrease lisinopril to 20 mg daily
  • C. Decrease spironolactone
  • D. Increase carvedilol to 6.25 mg BID
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Answer D

Increase carvedilol to 6.25 mg BID

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Principles of Dosing non-diuretics in HFrEF

▪ Uptitrate ALL medications to doses that have been shown to reduce mortality ▪ If dosing targets cannot be reached then secondary goal is to uptitrate ALL medications to maximally tolerated doses ▪ Well managed heart failure patient often have blood pressure in the the 80s or 90s mm Hg systolic. Blood pressure is currency to be spent to achieve the above goals

Do not down-titrate of stop medications for asymptomatic hypotension or hypovolemia!

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

DO NOT DOWN TITRATE OR STOP MEDICATIONS FOR ASYMPTOMATIC HYPOTENSION OR HYPOVOLEMIA!

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

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More Tools to Consider…

Zuckerberg San Francisco General Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Tips for Salcubitril/Valsartan in HFrEF

▪ Ensure that ACEI are stopped and allowed to wash out for 36 hours before starting Entresto to avoid angioedema ▪ Sacubitril (neprilysin inhibitor) has some diuretic properties and therefore patients may need their diuretics dose reduced.

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

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Device Therapy in HFrEF

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) in patients with LVEF<35%: NNT 14. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) with Biventricular Pacemaker in patients with LVEF<35% and LBBB: NNT 10.

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

The Next Frontier: SGLT-2 inhibitors

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Zuckerberg San Francisco General

What about HFpEF?

No specific medication therapy has mortality benefit.

Instead, focus on comorbidities

  • Excellent BP control
  • Diuresis to euvolemia for symptom

management

  • Diabetes control
  • Treatment of sleep apnea
  • Weight loss for obese patients

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Audience response question

A 54 year old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia is establishing care in your clinic after a recent diagnosis of HFrEF. You review her discharge summary and find that she was admitted to ZSFG and diagnosed with HFrEF based

  • n

an echocardiogram. Her echo showed an EF of 30% with focal wall motion abnormalities and no valvular disease. Further testing included serum TSH and HIV which were both negative. She was diuresed and started on guideline directed medical therapy. Regarding the workup of her heart failure what is the most high yield test to

  • rder?

A.

SPEP/Serum Free light Chains/Kappa lambda ratio

B.

Treadmill ECG exercise test

  • C. Urine toxicology
  • D. Cardiac catheterization

E.

Nuclear perfusion study

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SLIDE 14

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Answer D

Cardiac Catheterization

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Outpatient Management Goals of Heart Failure

Identify reversible etiologies

  • ACE inhibitors/ARBs
  • Beta blockers
  • Mineralocorticoid agonists
  • Salcubitril/valsartan
  • SGLT-2 inhibitors

Prescribe effective medications at adequate doses

  • Diuresis
  • Dialysis

Maintain euvolemia

  • Labs
  • Imaging
  • Invasive Testing

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Causes of Heart Failure: % attributable risk

Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(7):996

63% 16% 9% 7%3% 2%

CAD Smoking Hypertension

  • besity

Diabetes Valvular dz

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

What to order in a new diagnosis of heart failure

▪ Echocardiogram

  • HFpEF vs HFrEF
  • Valvular disease
  • Pericardial disease

▪ Laboratory Testing

  • Hgb A1c, TSH, HIV, ferritin, toxicology

▪ Ischemic Evaluation ▪ Consider advanced imaging when suspicious for sarcoid or amyloid

  • Cardiac MRI, PET
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Heart Failure Readmission Trends

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

HF systems of care in detail

Heart Failure Update 58

Inpatient

  • Decision tool

implemented which led to…

  • More diuresis
  • More

neurohormona l blockade

  • Outpatient

appointments

Outpatient HF clinic

  • Hired HF specialist
  • Implemented team-

based model with pharmD, NPs, and MD

  • Vastly expanded
  • utpatient capacity

Heart team for high utilizers

  • identify

individualized solutions for patients with severe substance use, mental illness and homelessness

Training for PCPs

  • Focus on

managing HF independent ly with frequent visits

Zuckerberg San Francisco General

With these solutions, heart failure readmissions improved

15.09% 15.06% 15.19% 15.41% 14.88% 14.63% 15.79% 15.59% 16.14% 16.12% 15.21% 14.86% 15.75% 15.54% 15.60% 15.98% 15.04% 14.92% 15.61% 15.35% 16.41% 16.26% 15.23% 14.65% 28.1% 27.8% 29.1% 30.1% 29.5% 29.1% 30.5% 32.2% 30.9% 27.1% 21.9% 20.0% 12.00% 14.00% 16.00% 18.00% 20.00% 22.00% 24.00% 26.00% 28.00% 30.00% 32.00% 34.00% Aug-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Nov-18 Dec-18 Jan-19 Feb-19 Mar-19 Apr-19 May-19 Jun-19 Jul-19 PRIME All-Cause Readmissions Year 4 - All Cause Target 14.18% PRIME Specialty Care Readmissions Year 4 - Specialty Care Target 14.88% All-Cause Readmit Rate Among HF Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Thank you!