neighbouring villages Lorna Slade, Ali Thani, Hannah Becker and Ali - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Introducing collaborative marine management at the village level in Pemba, Zanzibar – factors determining community receptiveness: A case study of two neighbouring villages

Lorna Slade, Ali Thani, Hannah Becker and Ali Said Hamad

WIOMSA Symposium, Dar es Salaam November 2017

PECCA Pemba Channel Conservation Area

Areas of Mwambao focus (support of Fauna & Flora Int. and Indian Ocean Commission)

Defining community-based Community- based collaborative co-management

Neighbouring communities with similar fishing grounds and community profile

KISIWA PANZA AND KUKUU SHEHIAS PEMBA CHANNEL CONSERVATION AREA PEMBA, ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA

❖2014/15 Kisiwa Panza (KP) first engaged as a pilot site for trialling temporary reef closures for octopus through Mwambao partnership with IOC-Smartfish ❖2015 After 6 months, Mwambao partnered with FFI to repeat closures but primarily to build community capacity for co-management of fishery grounds ❖2016 Kukuu was engaged as second pilot site both under FFI and IOC-Smartfish programmes ❖2017 Continued engagement to date by Mwambao in both communities

Engagement History

2015 (March) – First closure c. 100ha for 3 months Monitoring results show increased overall catch and average octopus size 2016 (April) – Second closure 2 sites (total) for 3 months 2016 (August) – Third closure for 10 weeks – forced

• pening by significant

poaching event (>80 fishers) 2017 (May) – re-election of the Committee (SFC) Repeat closures planned for next year

Progress – Kisiwa Panza

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

1 (13/2-22/2) 2 (2/3-9/3) 3 (17/3-24/3) 4 (31/3-7/4) 5 (15/4-22/4) 6 (29/4-6/5) 7 (14/5-21/5) 8 (29/5-5/6) 9 (13/6-20/6) 10 (27/6-4/7) 11 (12/7-20/7) 12 (27/7-3/8) 13 (11/8-18/8) 14 (26/8-2/9) 15 (9/9-16/9) 16 (25/9-2/10) 17 (9/10-16/10) 18 (24/10-31/10) 19 (8/11=15/11) 20 (23/11-30/11) 21 (7/12-14/12) 22 (22/12-29/12) 23 (6/1-13/1) 24 (21/1-28/1) 25 (5/2-12/2) 26 (19/2-26/2) 27 (5/3-12/3) 28 (20/3-27/3) 29 (4/4-11/4) 30 (18/4-25/4) 31 (3/5-10/5) 32 (17/5-24/5) 33 (1/6-8/6) 34 (16/6-23/6) 35 (1/7-8/7) 36 (15/7-22/7) 37 (30/7-6/8) 38 (14/8-21/8) 39 (29/8-5/9) 40 (12/9-19/9) 41 (27/9-4/10) 42 (12/10-19/10) 43 (27/10-3/11) 44 (11/11-18/11) 45 (26/11-3/12) 46 (10/12-17/12)

Total catch in Kg Bamvua fishing period (8 days of recording)

Total Octopus Catch (kg) at Mwembeni and Majomani landing sites, Kisiwa Panza for bamvua periods Feb 2015 to Dec 2016

START of Kusi - SW monsoon

CLOSU RAMADHAN CLOSURE PERIODS

START of Kusi - SW monsoon

RAMADHAN CLOSURE PERIOD

SITE SIZE NGAZI 150 ha. JOMBE 227 ha. MACHONDONI (KUKUU) 84 ha.

 2016 March – First closure for octopus  2016 June – Oct 2017 – Second and repeated 3- month closures for

• ctopus

 Revenue sharing mechanism established  2016 October – First permanent no-take zone declared within temporary NTZ  2016 Fishery ground zoned and local management plan drafted

Progress – Kukuu

KUKUU Octopus total catch (kg)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Total catch (kg) Bamvua (number and date)

Total Catch (kg) for Kukuu landing site March-Dec 2016

CLOSURE PERIODS

Examined two parameters over recording period  Average individual weight  total catch (kg)

Participatory data analysis

Zoning of Kukuu local fishing grounds (marine spatial planning)

First local management plan for PECCA

Kawaka et al (2017) found key factors in developing 19 Kenyan LMMAs to be

• Leaders in community who will champion LMMA
• Education, awareness and training in CBNRM
• Supportive legal framework and government
• External source of funding
• Exchange visits to existing LMMA

Guttierez et al (2011) in a study of 130 co-managed fisheries found the most important factors

• Strong leadership
• Individual or community quotas
• Social cohesion
• Presence of MPAs

Crona et al. 2017 in a comparative study of six Chilean Territorial User Rights areas, findings show that social capital may not be a useful predictor of success, while the presence of engaged leadership and agreement among members around sanctions appears more closely linked to performance across all social and ecological

• utcome variables….Results indicate that leadership interacts with specific aspects of

what is generally referred to as social capital to affect outcomes.

Factors affecting successful adoption

• f co-management

CONDITIONS KISIWA PANZA COMMENT KUKUU COMMENT Population size 6,146 3000 Good relationship DFD YES PECCA Manager YES Officer-in-charge DFD Pemba Dependence on the resource YES >90% fishers YES >90% marine resource users Prior understanding of role of SFC NO Limited understanding of roles and responsibilities NO Limited understanding of roles and responsibilities Past engagement with closures YES MACEMP but failed due to conflict with neigbours YES MACEMP but failed Enabling legislation and agreed sanctions NO Legislation only in draft but by-laws adopted by District NO Legislation only in draft but by- laws adopted by District Local government support YES Sheha shows only moderate support NO Sheha very supportive Social cohesion NO Two villages YES Split the shehia early in process Trust NO Limited trust of SFC YES High level of trust in SFC Elite capture SFC YES To some extent NO Possibly some Leadership (both imposed and elected) NO SFC leadership weak – political appointees YES Very strong elected leadership Incentives for engagement NO No benefit sharing YES Benefit sharing Community champions NO At the beginning but did not continue YES Yes – at least 3 champions on SFC

Characteristics of the communities

 Extent of fishing ground relative to the village  Forceful presence of illegal fishers  Strong leadership within the committee  Free and fair election of the committee  The extent of awareness-raising within the community  A supportive village government  The value of the fishery  Local political climate  Cohesiveness of the community  Benefit sharing of proceeds from closures  Supportive legislation

FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION

 Local history of conflict and politics will inform rate of progress and may allow early mitigation  Support of village government crucial and should be fostered  Representativeness of the committee should be considered in initial stages (re-election might be necessary) – ideally illegal fisher groups should also be represented  Wider awareness raising amongst community (throughout period of engagement) is important (this is easier in smaller communities)  Community champions and strong leaders can be a determining factor in adoption success and should be identified and nurtured  Benefit sharing from management initiatives can assist adoption

Discussion - Lessons for future engagement with new communities in Zanzibar

Bodin, O. and B. Crona (2008) Management of Natural Resources at the Community Level: Exploring the Role of Social Capital and Leadership in a Rural Fishing Community. World Development Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 2763-2779 Crona, B., Gelcic, S. and O. Bodin (2017) The Importance of Interplay Between Leadership and Social Capital in Shaping Outcomes of Rights-Base Fisheries Governance. World Development

• Vol. 91, pp. 70-83

Guttierrez, N., Hilborn, R. and O. Defeo (2011) Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries Nature Vol 470 pp 389 Kawaka, J., Samoilys, M., Murunga, M., Church, J., Abunge, C. and G. Maina (2017) Developing locally managed marine areas: Lessons learnt from Kenya. Ocean & Management 135 1-10 McClanahan, T., Muthiga, N. and C. Abunge (2016) Establishment of Community Managed Fisheries’ Closures in Kenya: Early Evolution of the Tengefu Movement. Coastal Management, Vol 44, NO. 1, 1-20 Slade, L. and A. Thani (2015) Socio-economic Baseline Study Kisiwa Panza. Mwambao/FFI project document

• J. d’Esterre Roberts (2017) Silver Bullet or Red Herring?: Are Community Environment

Conservation Funds a Suitable Management Tool for Building Resilience in Coastal Communities

• fDeveloping Countries? A Feasibility Study in Pemba, Zanzibar. Thesis for Dissertation,

University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences.

References:

 www.mwambao.or.tz  lornaslade@mwambao.or.tz

Ahsante!