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Our products work here… Our products work here… … to keep this clear. … to keep this clear.
The global leader in natural gas engines.
Natural Gas in High Horsepower Engine Applications Westport - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Natural Gas in High Horsepower Engine Applications Westport - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
The global leader in natural gas engines. Our products Our products to keep to keep work here work here this clear. this clear. Natural Gas in High Horsepower Engine Applications Westport Innovations Dale Goudie, PEng
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Westport at a Glance
market focus position strategy
Transformation from petroleum-fueled to alternative-fueled engines. The global leader in gaseous fuel engineering and technology.
Leverage IP to penetrate markets through relationships with market- leading OEMs.
Volvo
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Westport Global Operations
China Beijing & Weifang China Beijing & Weifang
Canada Vancouver Canada Vancouver
Italy Pernumia & Brescia Italy Pernumia & Brescia France Lyon France Lyon U.S.A. Detroit U.S.A. Detroit U.S.A. Signal Hill U.S.A. Signal Hill Australia Bayswater Australia Bayswater Sweden Gothenburg Sweden Gothenburg
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stock symbols market capitalization
TSX NASDAQ CAD USD
WPT WPRT $1.4 billion ~$1.4 billion
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“The Golden Age of Natural Gas”
source: “Are We Entering a Golden Age of Gas?”, IEA, June 2011.
World natural gas resources by major region, January 2010 (tcm)
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Downward Pressure on Natural Gas Prices
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Natural gas price projections are significantly lower than past years due to an expanded shale gas resource base
sources: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011; EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2010; and EIA, An Updated Annual Energy Outlook 2009 Reference Case via: Shale Gas and the Outlook for U.S. Natural Gas Markets and Global Gas Resources, Richard Newell, June 21, 2011
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
natur al gas spot pr ice (H enr y H ub); 200 9 dollar s per million Btu
history 20 0 9 projections $9/ M M Btu
Curren t price: $1.84
updated AEO2009 AEO2010 AEO2011
$7/ M M Btu
Energy Equivalent price for Diesel: $0.26 US gal
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NOx Emissions Legislation
IMO Tier III (2016) NOx Regulations - ECAs
1 2 3 4 100 600 1100 1600 2100 Engine Speed (rpm) NOx (g/kWh)
3.4
EPA = 1.8 1.96
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Not just NOx…
Emission control areas (ECA) are really targeted to inland waterways and coastal vessels… so what are the technical solutions and options?
US - EPA Emissions Legislation (g/kWh)
Engine Class Start year Cycle Size NOx NMHC CO PM HD On-highway 2010 FTP > 14000 lb 0.27 0.19 21 0.013 Locomotive (line haul) 2015 1033.53 > 750 kW 1.7 0.19 2.0 0.04 Marine (Category 1/2) 2014-2017 ISO 8178 < 3700 kW 1.8 0.19 5.0 0.04 Mobile non-road 2015 ISO 8178 > 560 kW 3.5 0.19 3.5 0.04
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Natural Gas as an Engine Fuel
Composition
C1, C2, C3, C4+ Inert Gases No sulphur
Storage
Volume (LNG vs. CNG) Liquefaction costs Boil off
Other
Invisible/odorless Non-toxic GHG (25x CO2e)
Combustion Properties
Narrow flammability limit High exhaust H2O content Reduced flame temperature (NOx) Reduced carbon content (PM)
Ignition Properties
~595°C compared to diesel at ~260°C Not easily oxidized (i.e. after-treatment)
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Onboard LNG storage is well understood
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Current NG Engines (Category 1/2) Wärtsilä 20DF Bergen C26:33
6, 8 and 9 cylinder 1,056 to 1,586 kW Medium speed engine Dual fuel 6, 8 and 9 cylinder 1,460 to 2,430kW Medium speed engine Gas only lean burn spark ignition Claimed max BTE of 48%
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NG Combustion Summary
Spark-Ignited (SI) Dual-Fuel (DF) High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) How it works
Gas and air pre-mixed at low pressure Ignition from spark plug (often pre-chamber) Lean burn to avoid knock at high CR Otto cycle Gas and air pre-mixed at low pressure Diesel micro-pilot for DF Lean burn to avoid knock Otto cycle / Diesel cycle Separate injector for diesel
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High pressure gas injected directly in combustion chamber Ignition from diesel pilot Diesel cycle
Limitations / Advantages
Methane slip Get home power Spark plug replacement Methane slip Part load operation Load response Fuel flexibility Limited methane slip Diesel responsiveness and efficiency Get home power
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TAB
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Further Emissions Control Strategies
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
Cooled and uncooled
After-treatment Strategies
Urea based SCR systems Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
Fuel sulphur content affects technology
15 ppm for land based engines 1000 ppm for marine inside ECA (0.1% after 2015)
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HPDI Technology
Pilot diesel injected just prior to natural gas to provide energy for auto-ignition of gas injection Natural gas injected at high pressure at end
- f compression stroke (no pre-mixed air/fuel)
Low diesel usage under all conditions
Average of 6% diesel over vehicle operating cycle
Diesel Engine Performance remains
Same high power and torque Same or higher efficiency
Robust combustion over wide range of fuel composition (no premixed air/fuel so no chance of detonation)
Typical Emission Reductions
~ 40% lower NOx ~ 70% lower PM ~ 20% lower GHG
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HPDI delivers the required performance
Identical torque curve as selected diesel ratings Same responsiveness Compatible with diesel drive train components No change in cooling requirements vs. base diesel
Torque Curve 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Engine Speed (RPM) Torque (ft-lb) Diesel HPDI
Truck engine example:
Certified to Australian ADR 80/02 Power: 500-580hp Torque: 1,650-1,850 lb-ft Similar BMEP as HHP engines
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High Pressure Direct Injection
Common-rail style injector Directly replaces diesel injector Capable of independently injecting diesel and gas at up to 30 MPa injection pressure Diesel used as an ignition source, actuation fluid, lubricant, and coolant
Diesel HPDI
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HPDI System - Westport HD
Westport’s HPDI technology was developed initially on the Cummins ISX platform, a 15- litre diesel engine rated from 400 to 600 HP Currently working with Volvo and Weichai on new HD applications
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Gas and Pilot Diesel Flows
Only enough diesel fuel to initiate ignition ~3% at full load 5-6% pilot on typical HD truck cycle No idling or running solely on diesel fuel
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HPDI Emissions History
(4-stroke HD high speed engines, transient operation)
HD Project Base Engine NOx PM NMHC CO (meas.) DF CO (cert) DOC DPF SCR Australia ADR 80_02 VGT + Cooled EGR (lightly used) 2.55 0.031 0.25 3.93 1 2.93 no no no US EPA/CARB 2004 VGT + Cooled EGR 1.61 0.027 0.01 0.08 8.9 0.53 yes no no Australia ADR 80_03 VGT + Cooled EGR 2.41 0.003 0.07 0.67 8.9 4.45 yes yes no US EPA 2007 VGT + Cooled EGR 0.94 0.008 0.11 2.21 8.9 14.69 yes yes no US EPA 2010 VGT + Cooled EGR 0.18 0.005 0.01 0.05 3.2 0.13 yes yes yes Values in g/kWh
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Areas of focus for Westport High Horsepower
High fuel use Transient power requirements Power density important Common engine platforms Rail Marine Mining
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Westport Approach to Rail Program
Westport is transitioning its proven HPDI technology from Heavy Duty trucking to High Horsepower applications (600 to 6000 HP)
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SDTC Overview
The SDTC program requires Westport to develop a new HPDI injection system, but heavily parented off the existing truck technology
Known technology with proven track record in on-road applications Minimal change to functionality Leverage existing knowledge and reliability data to create a robust solution for challenging rail conditions
This fuel system will be developed as an OEM application, not a one-off demonstration
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