Nationalism Adam Smith, Father of Capitalism Pride and Devotion to - - PDF document

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Europe

Review

Europe Part 2 Review

Industrial Revolution

• The means of production of goods shifted

from hand tools to complex machines and from human and animal power to steam power.

• Industrialization started in Great Britain

because it had iron ore & coal, rivers for factories, population to work in factories, strong economy from Imperialism and the capital to invest.

Capitalism

• Adam Smith, Father of Capitalism
• Wrote The Wealth of Nations
• Laissez Faire Economics‐ government keeps

their hands off business, no regulation.

• Economy governed by the natural forces of

supply and demand and competition among businesses.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Postives

• Production was faster
• Improved Transportation

and Technologies

• Roads and Canals built
• Steam Locomotive
• Railroads grew
• Steam Engines
• Cotton Gin/ Water Frame

Negatives

• Working conditions
• Living Conditions (Slums)
• Disease
• Child Labor
• Pollution

Irish Potato Famine

• Under British rule, the majority of Irish farmland had

been used to grow crops, such as wheat & oats, to send back to England. The Irish used the potato as their main food crop.

• In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop. The

British continued to ship “their crops” to England and let over one million Irish die of starvation or

• disease. Millions of others migrated to the United

States and Canada.

Nationalism

– Pride and Devotion to one’s country – Unite or divide a country

Unifies Germany and Italy Breaks up Austria and Ottoman Empires Otto von Bismarck- “Blood & Iron” Multinational Empires

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Nationalism

Is Positive When…

• It brings people

together

• When there is a

common language ‐ Common Culture ‐ Common Traditions

• Shared History

Is Negative When…

• It separates people

‐ When there is no common language

• A variety of cultures
• A variety of traditions
• No Shared History

World War I

Main Causes

M – Militarism (glorification of military power)

• Arms Race – countries competed with each other to expand

their armies and navies

A – Alliance (nations agreed to defend each other)

• Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria‐Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia

I – Imperialism

• Competition for colonies and Industrialization

N – Nationalism

• Rivalry contributed to tensions in Europe
• Spark…Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Germany invades Belgium

WWI‐ New Technologies

– Automatic Machine Gun – Tank – Submarine – Airplane – Poison Gas/Gas Mask

• Trench Warfare
• Propaganda‐ spreading of ideas to promote a

cause or to damage an opposing cause.

End of WWI

1918

• Treaty of Versailles

– Ends World War I – Blames Germany (war guilt)

• Forced to pay reparations

– Payments for war damage they had caused

• Disarm

– Reduce their armies and navies

• Give up Territory and Colonies
• Germany was not able to rebuild their war‐torn country and

pay reparations. The weak, Weimar Republic was blamed for signing the unfair treaty.

Rise of Fascism

• Causes

– Treaty of Versailles unfair to Germany – Adolf Hitler

• wanted to rebuild the German Army
• restore German national pride
• policy of expansion in Eastern Europe

– Benito Mussolini

• Promised to solve Italy’s Problems

(unemployment, restore national pride, end chaos)

Appeasement

• Giving in to the demands of an aggressor to

maintain peace.

• Western Democracies did not stop German

aggression.

• Munich Conference 1938‐ “Peace in our time”

Neville Chamberlain

• Germany invaded Poland and Britain and

France declared War on Germany… beginning WWII..1939

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Turning Points of WWII

Allies‐ Great Britain, France, U.S.S.R., China Axis‐ Germany, Italy, Japan

• 1941‐ Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

U.S. enters war on Allied side.

• 1944‐ Allies invaded France, D‐Day. Broke

through German defenses and freed France.

• 1945‐ Allies dropped two atomic bombs on

the Japanese cities of Hiroshima & Nagasaki. Emperor Hirohito surrendered.

Impact of WWII

• ~75 million people killed
• The Nazi’s genocide against the Jews killed ~6

million Jews (Holocaust).

• Land, homes, farms, businesses destroyed.
• Nuremberg War Crimes Trials‐ Nazi leaders

tried for crimes against humanity. Leaders will be held accountable for atrocities during wartime.

• United Nations‐ World peacekeeping
• rganization.

Cold War

• Continuing state of tension and hostility

between the two world superpowers (U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.)

• Iron Curtain‐ Imaginary line dividing Europe

between the West/Democracy and the East/Communism.

• Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan‐ U.S. gave

huge amounts of money to war‐torn countries to keep them from falling to communism. Containment‐ U.S. policy to limit communism to areas already under Soviet control.

• A Divided Germany

– Western Germany – Democratic – Eastern Germany – Under Soviet Control, Communist

• Berlin Airlift‐ 1948

– Stalin (Soviet Leader) closes all land routes that would bring supplies to West Berlin. – In response, Western Powers flew in food and supplies to Western Berlin.

Berlin Wall‐ 1961‐1989

– Fortified wall between East and West Berlin to keep East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin, democracy and freedom.

Hot Spots in a Cold War

Arms Race‐ Superpowers spent huge amounts of money to develop more and more powerful weapons; led to tension that the world would be destroyed. Space Race‐ 1957 the Soviets launched Sputnik, a satellite into orbit around the Earth. 1969 the U.S. was the first to land a man on the moon. Opposing Military Alliances – NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization ‐ U.S., Canada, Western Europe will support each other if attacked. – Warsaw Pact – The Soviet Union and seven Eastern European satellite countries. – Cuban Missile Crisis‐ Soviets put nuclear missiles on Cuba, 90 miles of the coast of Florida.

The End of the Cold War

• Détente‐ the easing of tensions.
• U.S. & U.S.S.R. start to “thaw” out and cooperate. Example:

space exploration

• Soviet leader Gorbachev instituted economic and democratic

changes

• Glasnost‐ openness to democratic ideas; ended censorship
• Perestroika‐ restructuring the economy and allowed some

capitalism.

• 1991‐ Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War Ended!!!
• Russia and President Putin…corruption again.
• Ukraine

5/30/2017 4 Yugoslavia‐Multinational state created after WWI.

• By 1991, many ethnic groups declared independence

and tensions flared.

• In Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbs practiced Ethnic

Cleansing, the act of removing or killing a certain ethnic group.

• Christian Serbian leader, Slobodan Milosevic,
• rdered atrocities against non‐Serbian Muslims.
• NATO and the UN took military action and

Milosevic was arrested and tried for war crimes and genocide, but he “mysteriously” died in jail…

Economic Interdependence

• European Union‐ common currency, the Euro.
• Globalization‐ people and countries

connected by international trade, with money and information flowing instantly across international boundaries via the Internet.

• Dependence on foreign oil.