5/30/2017 Europe Part 2 Review Effects of the Industrial Revolution Postives Negatives • Production was faster • Working conditions Europe • Improved Transportation • Living Conditions (Slums) and Technologies • Disease • Roads and Canals built • Child Labor • Steam Locomotive Review • Pollution • Railroads grew • Steam Engines • Cotton Gin/ Water Frame Industrial Revolution Irish Potato Famine • The means of production of goods shifted • Under British rule, the majority of Irish farmland had from hand tools to complex machines and been used to grow crops, such as wheat & oats, to from human and animal power to steam send back to England. The Irish used the potato as power. their main food crop. • Industrialization started in Great Britain • In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop. The because it had iron ore & coal, rivers for British continued to ship “their crops” to England and let over one million Irish die of starvation or factories, population to work in factories, disease. Millions of others migrated to the United strong economy from Imperialism and the States and Canada. capital to invest. Capitalism Nationalism • Adam Smith, Father of Capitalism – Pride and Devotion to one’s country • Wrote The Wealth of Nations – Unite or divide a country • Laissez Faire Economics‐ government keeps their hands off business, no regulation. Breaks up Unifies • Economy governed by the natural forces of Austria and Germany Ottoman and Italy supply and demand and competition among Empires businesses. Otto von Bismarck- “Blood & Iron” Multinational Empires 1
5/30/2017 End of WWI Nationalism 1918 • Treaty of Versailles Is Positive When… Is Negative When… – Ends World War I • It brings people – Blames Germany (war guilt) • It separates people together • Forced to pay reparations ‐ When there is no • When there is a – Payments for war damage they had caused common language common language • Disarm • A variety of cultures ‐ Common Culture – Reduce their armies and navies • A variety of traditions ‐ Common Traditions • Give up Territory and Colonies • No Shared History • Shared History • Germany was not able to rebuild their war‐torn country and pay reparations. The weak, Weimar Republic was blamed for signing the unfair treaty. World War I Rise of Fascism Main Causes • Causes M – Militarism (glorification of military power) – Treaty of Versailles unfair to Germany • Arms Race – countries competed with each other to expand their armies and navies – Adolf Hitler A – Alliance (nations agreed to defend each other) • wanted to rebuild the German Army • Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria‐Hungary, Italy • restore German national pride • Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia • policy of expansion in Eastern Europe I – Imperialism • Competition for colonies and Industrialization – Benito Mussolini N – Nationalism • Promised to solve Italy’s Problems • Rivalry contributed to tensions in Europe (unemployment, restore national pride, end • Spark… Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand chaos) • Germany invades Belgium WWI‐ New Technologies Appeasement – Automatic Machine Gun • Giving in to the demands of an aggressor to – Tank maintain peace. – Submarine • Western Democracies did not stop German – Airplane aggression. – Poison Gas/Gas Mask • Munich Conference 1938‐ “Peace in our time” • Trench Warfare Neville Chamberlain • Propaganda‐ spreading of ideas to promote a • Germany invaded Poland and Britain and cause or to damage an opposing cause. France declared War on Germany… beginning WWII..1939 2
5/30/2017 Containment‐ U.S. policy to limit communism to Turning Points of WWII areas already under Soviet control. • A Divided Germany Allies‐ Great Britain, France, U.S.S.R., China – Western Germany – Democratic Axis‐ Germany, Italy, Japan – Eastern Germany – Under Soviet Control, Communist • Berlin Airlift‐ 1948 • 1941‐ Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. – Stalin (Soviet Leader) closes all land routes that U.S. enters war on Allied side. would bring supplies to West Berlin. • 1944‐ Allies invaded France, D‐Day. Broke – In response, Western Powers flew in food and through German defenses and freed France. supplies to Western Berlin. • 1945‐ Allies dropped two atomic bombs on Berlin Wall‐ 1961‐1989 – Fortified wall between East and West Berlin to keep the Japanese cities of Hiroshima & Nagasaki. East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin, Emperor Hirohito surrendered. democracy and freedom. Impact of WWII Hot Spots in a Cold War • ~75 million people killed Opposing Military Alliances Arms Race‐ Superpowers spent • The Nazi’s genocide against the Jews killed ~6 – NATO – North Atlantic Treaty huge amounts of money to Organization ‐ U.S., Canada, develop more and more million Jews (Holocaust). Western Europe will support powerful weapons; led to each other if attacked. • Land, homes, farms, businesses destroyed. tension that the world would – Warsaw Pact – The Soviet be destroyed. • Nuremberg War Crimes Trials‐ Nazi leaders Unio n and seven Eastern European satellite countries. Space Race‐ 1957 the Soviets tried for crimes against humanity. Leaders launched Sputnik, a satellite will be held accountable for atrocities during – Cuban Missile Crisis‐ Soviets into orbit around the Earth. put nuclear missiles on Cuba, 1969 the U.S. was the first to wartime. 90 miles of the coast of land a man on the moon. Florida. • United Nations‐ World peacekeeping organization. Cold War The End of the Cold War • Continuing state of tension and hostility • Détente‐ the easing of tensions. between the two world superpowers (U.S. vs. • U.S. & U.S.S.R. start to “thaw” out and cooperate. Example: U.S.S.R.) space exploration • Soviet leader Gorbachev instituted economic and democratic • Iron Curtain‐ Imaginary line dividing Europe changes between the West/Democracy and the • Glasnost‐ openness to democratic ideas ; ended censorship East/Communism. • Perestroika‐ restructuring the economy and allowed some • Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan‐ U.S. gave capitalism. • 1991‐ Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War Ended!!! huge amounts of money to war‐torn • Russia and President Putin…corruption again. countries to keep them from falling to • Ukraine communism. 3
5/30/2017 Yugoslavia‐Multinational state created after WWI. • By 1991, many ethnic groups declared independence and tensions flared. • In Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbs practiced Ethnic Cleansing, the act of removing or killing a certain ethnic group. • Christian Serbian leader, Slobodan Milosevic, ordered atrocities against non‐Serbian Muslims. • NATO and the UN took military action and Milosevic was arrested and tried for war crimes and genocide, but he “mysteriously” died in jail… Economic Interdependence • European Union‐ common currency, the Euro. • Globalization‐ people and countries connected by international trade, with money and information flowing instantly across international boundaries via the Internet. • Dependence on foreign oil. 4
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