National Mission for Clean Ganga Ministry of Jal Shakti Government - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

National Mission for Clean Ganga Ministry of Jal Shakti Government of India 27th September, 2019

2

Innovation

• Focus on asset creation and

not asset maintenance

• Treatment capacities for

30% of wastewater generated

• Under utilization and

inefficient operation of many STPs

• Assets rehabilitated every

6-8 years – leading to Design-Build-Neglect- Rebuild [DBNR] model.

Poor service delivery from Wastewater Treatment Plants

Under construction 6% Not

• perating

STPs 19% Not meeting BOD Standard 32% Meeting BOD standards 43% PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF 152 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS

Hybrid Annuity Model

Upto 40% of Capital Cost by Government Annuity payments

➢Remaining capital investment ➢Annual O&M cost ➢Payments linked to performance standards ➢Independent of treated water recycling revenue

O&M Phase

2 4 6 8 14 15th Year

Construction Phase Interest rate risk and inflation risks are covered.

First set of Projects

4

Haridwar

Two STPs – 68 MLD at Jagjeetpur & 14 MLD at Sarai Uttarakhand Pey Jal Nigam as Executing Agency. Awarded to M/s HNB Engineers Private Limited Total awarded cost Rs. 171.53 Cr Construction completed at Sarai and 3rd Milestone completed in Jagjeetpur.

Varanasi

50 MLD STP at Ramana & rehabilitation of existing associated infrastructure. Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam as Executing Agency. Awarded to Consortium of Essel Infra- projects Limited – RPC ECOS LLC. Total Awarded Cost : Rs. 153.16 Cr 2nd Construction milestone completed. Asia Pacific Water Deal of the year 2018- International Infrastructure Journal Three national level stakeholder consultations, More than 800 queries replied during pre bid meeting International Finance Corporation as the Transaction Advisor.

5

One City One Operator

• Paradigm shift in the sector –
• ne stop solution for sewage

treatment in the entire city

• Integration of new and existing

sewage treatment infrastructure under HAM

City Total STP capacity (MLD) Prayagraj 343.5 Kanpur 475 Kolkata 183 Howrah 187 Patna 150

“One City One Operator” - STPs in towns/city Clusters (Kanpur – Unnao - Shuklaganj, Prayagraj, Mathura, Farrukhabad, Mirzapur – Ghazipur, Patna, Bhagalpur, Kolkata, Howrah-Bally-Kamarhati-Baranagar, and Maheshtala – Hugli Chinsura, Bareilly, Agra, Mathura, Muzzaffarnagar - Budhana, Meerut etc.) are being integrated & tendered with Hybrid Annuity based projects.

Mathura Sewage Scheme

• First Project under the concept of One city –One
• perator under HAM.
• Re Use of Water for ensuring sustainability of assets and

resources.

Slide

6

Project features: ▪ Development of 30 MLD STP at masani zone ▪ Rehabilitation of 3 existing STPs - (16 MLD UASB & 14.5 MLD WSP at Trans Yamuna and 6.5 MLD WSP at Masani) & associated infrastructure ▪ Development of 20 MLD TTP for supply of water to Mathura Refinery of IOCL. ▪ IOCL to share full O & M cost and partial capital cost of TTP through water tariff 4 bidders- Adani, Essel, Triveni and VA Tech Wabagh participated. Work Awarded to Triveni at Rs. 437.95 Cr.

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Evolution of HAM – towards One City One Operator approach

Rehab- Brownfield and new STPs. Reuse of TWW Rehab - Brownfield, O&M of existing STPs, New STPs and Septage treatment Howrah, Allahabad Kanpur Network (capex and O&M) – DBOT STPs – (Capex and O&M) - HAM Patna – Digha & Kankerbagh Complexity March 2017 June 2018 Dec 2018 April 2019 Varanasi, Haridwar Primarily New STPs Mathura

Awarded/under implementation Under bidding

Haridwar Varanasi Mathura

Under Preparation

Kolkata (WB) Howrah (WB) Patna (WB) Allahabad Kanpur Bhagalpur (WB)

HAM status

• Total 29 projects in 17

packages.

• Awarded Packages– 7
• Bids received – 4
• Under Bidding – 6
• Total value– USD $ 1.4

billion(Rs.101115 Cr)

• Pvt Capital Mobilized -

$ 46 million(Rs.322 Cr)

• Total potential for

private capital – USD $ 350-400 million(Rs.2450-2800 Cr)

• Encouraging new

players to enter the market

9

Global Water Summit, 2019 National Mission for Clean Ganga has been awarded Distinction as the 'Public Water Agency

• f the Year' by Global Water Intelligence at the

Global Water Summit in London on 9th April 2019. The Global Water Awards recognize excellence across the entire international water industry and reward those initiatives in the water, wastewater, and desalination sectors which bring remarkable improvements in the lives of people.

International Accolades

• 1. Land issues delay the project implementation.
• 2. Local executing Agencies to gear up to raise to

the occasion.(Business as usual problem)

• 3. Partnership in true sense.
• 4. Bandwidth of waste water investors.
• 5. Optimization of recycle of Sludge and reuse of

waste water.

• 6. Priority lending for water sector.
• 7. Polluter Pays principle.

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Experience

Thank You

11

NMCG as Nascent RBO

• 1. Seeds of RBO embedded in NMCG Authority Order
• the River Ganga shall be managed as a single system;
• the River Ganga shall be managed in an ecologically sustainable

manner;

• the lost natural vegetation in catchment area shall be regenerated

and maintained;

• the aquatic and riparian biodiversity in River Ganga Basin shall be

regenerated and conserved.

• 2. NMCG as Authority to plan and implement for all Ganga and

Tributaries in all 11 states and UT.

• 3. Governance structure cutting across political boundaries, functions

– National Ganga Council

• Empowered Task Force
• District Ganga Committee

NMCG PREPAREDNESS FOR RBO

SN

PARAMETER

CURRENT STATUS 1

water quantity and allocation None at present

2

water quality and pollution Top most priority

3

hydro power and dam construction Major concern, some progress

4

climate change and environmental problems No specific intervention

5

Fisheries problem Supporting Research and awareness

NMCG PREPAREDNESS FOR RBO - 2

SN PARAMETER CURRENT STATUS 6

Infrastructure development Allotted role not being fully performed

7

Invasive species Major concern, no specific intervention

8

Flood effects Out of purview

9

Biodiversity Strong intervention

10

Navigation and related problems Nominal role.

• 1. Click on this icon

to insert a new photo.

• 2. Reset the slide.
• 3. Where necessary, change

the section using the Crop function.

River Basin Planning Water Strategy, Planning and Delivery – Overview

Dr Martin Griffiths Support to Ganga Rejuvenation Implementation of the India EU-Water Partnership| New Delhi 27.09.2019

Developed for Support to Ganga Rejuvenation Project

Water Protection and Improvement Programmes are developed via a River Basin Planning and Management Cycle

2

water.europa.eu

Example - EU Water Strategy The Water Framework Directive

European Commission, DG Environment United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Outcomes in the Environment - UK

4

5

Outcomes in the Environment - India

Setting Outcome Based Targets

6

• Strategic Questions
• What does India want from the Ganga
• What is realistic and achievable
• What are the significant management issues
• What timeframes should be set
• What are the costs
• Capital
• Operational
• What are the benefits
• Who will deliver these
• What is the most cost effective way to achieve these

Outcomes

• River Basin Planning provides a process to determine this

Developed for Support to Ganga Rejuvenation Project

River Basin Planning and Management Cycle Inner Cycle – Technical Process Planning and Setting Objectives

7

Clear Governance

8

• United Nations Road-Mapping recommends creating
• Enabling Environment
• Clear Institutional Structures
• Management Instruments
• Infrastructure Development
• EU introduces the concept of ‘Competent Authority’
• A clear and empowered organisation to lead and deliver the RPM plan
• In England this is the Environment Agency
• On the Rhine and the Danube
• International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine River (ICPR)
• International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR)
• For the Ganga this will be ???

Characterisation

Risk Based Approach  Understand the characteristics of the Basin/Sub-basin  Identify Significant Management Issues  Use Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Model

Risk Based Approach

 Risk Based Monitoring  Risk Based Modelling  Risk Based Regulation  Risk Based Enforcement

Monitoring

11

• Risk Based
• Assess current Water Quality
• State of Environment reporting
• Essential to set realistic River Quality Objectives
• Data to calibrate and run models
• Assess remediation options
• Ensure correct infrastructure development and operation
• Optimise regulatory environment and assess delivery
• Very cost effective when compared with infrastructure

capital and operational costs

• All infrastructure options are modelled to ensure certainty of

improvement and that benefits are realised

Monitoring

12

• A sample of Ganga Water 15 April 1987 taken by me
• Its been on my desk for over 30 years!

Chemical Elements Biological Elements Hydromorphological Elements Physico-chem Elements

Environmental Monitoring - Programmes

13

From Monitoring Information

 Assess Current Quality  Undertake modelling of options and interventions  Set realistic Objectives  Develop improvement Programme  Feed this into Implementation Programme

River Quality Objectives are progressively improved according to an Environmental Improvement Programme

HIGH GOOD MODERATE POOR BAD Classes

No or minimal{ Slight { Moderate { Major { Severe {

Courtesy Peter Pollard, Scottish Environment Protection Agency

EU - Good Ecological Status Objective

Must agree a Timetable for Improvement – EU WFD Example

Don’t Forget the Groundwater!

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Integrated options for ecological improvement

Flow Regime

Physical Habitat Water Quality

19

What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions

Flow Regime

Physical Habitat Water Quality

20

Integrated options for ecological improvement

What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions

Flow Regime

Physical Habitat Water Quality

21

Integrated options for ecological improvement

What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions

Flow Regime

Physical Habitat Water Quality

22

Integrated options for ecological improvement

What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions

Flow Regime

Physical Habitat Water Quality

23

Integrated options for ecological improvement

What is the most cost efficient combination of interventions

Adapted from. Paul Whitehead – Oxford University

Must consider Regulatory Options to Implement Improvement Programme – The Regulatory Cycle

25

Permit standards are progressively tightened

Adapted from. Paul Whitehead – Oxford University

27

Permit Conditions must reflect the Environmental Objectives !

Permits drive water resource Improvement Programmes

29

Regulation for Water Quality - Book

Free to download at http://www.fwr.org/WQreg/ Or Hard Copy from Foundation for Water Reseach

River Basin Planning Public Participation and Consultation

30

Public participation in the Water Framework Directive supply of information

• consultation
• active involvement

31

River Basin Planning Public Participation Model

Publish - River Basin Management Plans

• Implementing Water

Framework Directive River Basin Plans

Support to Ganga Rejuvenation Implementation of the India EU-Water Partnership

Thank You!

FACTORS LEADING TO DISPOSAL OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SACRED WASTE AND ITS EFFECT ON URBAN RIVER CONTAMINATION: CASE OF ADI GANGA, KOLKATA, INDIA

Srijita Chakrabarty

Architect - Urban Manager Rejuvenation of the River Ganga – from Planning to Action India Water Week 2019 September 27, 2019 This research was done under proper guidance from Erasmus University Rotterdam.

BACKGROUND

▪ Rivers are considered as life-givers and given the stature of gods and goddesses and are not seen merely as waterbodies in the Indian culture. ▪ Ganga has been considered holy irrespective of religion. ▪ Being the longest and the national river of India and the second greatest river by water discharge in the world, the Ganga was ranked among the five most polluted rivers of the world in 2007. ▪ The relationship of the people with the river, seen as one of the most important facets of Hindu rites and rituals like religious bathing, offerings, cremations etc. is witnessed mostly in the ghats or the stepped landings at the land-water interface. ▪ Adi Ganga is an important tidal creek draining into the river Hoogly from the left in

• Kolkata. Considered as the original flow of Ganga to the Bay of Bengal which has

now shifted but still considered holy despite being environmentally degraded.

BACKGROUND

▪ Navigable till the first half of the 20th century, Adi Ganga has been reduced to a mere drain heading to fast extinction. ▪ In last decade, the city has lost 53% of its wetlands. The rejuvenation of the link between Adi Ganga and the wetlands has thus been highlighted with utmost importance to make Kolkata resilient to flood. ▪ Even though issues are being addressed locally and also with the help of action plans, a more holistic approach needs to be taken at the policy level which would make the city resilient and sustainable in the long run. ▪ This brings forth the importance of Adi Ganga as an important urban river in the heart of Kolkata.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

▪ While there are some historical references pertaining to the miraculous

properties of the Gangajal, there are other reports too which could not prove the miraculous power of the river but that has not stopped the people from taking a dip in the holy sites. ▪ There’s idol immersion as well which often uses lead based paints and other materials like thermocol etc. which are not bio-degradable. ▪ Conflict between concept of purity of Ganga vs actual pollution ▪ In the scientific world, purity of a water is judged by its water quality and contamination whereas to the believers, the degraded state of the river does not stop them from continuing their rituals, which is harming the river water quality and in also harmful to the people as the river is highly degraded.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Which factors explain the disposal of toxic and hazardous sacred waste which adds to the urban river contamination in Adi Ganga, Kolkata, India?

 Which individual factors explain the disposal of toxic and hazardous sacred waste in this river?  Which situational factors explain the disposal of toxic and hazardous sacred waste in this river?  What kind of contamination happen related to toxic and hazardous sacred waste in this river?

SIGNIFICANCE

▪ The concept of sacredness is from religious and cultural side whereas the contamination and pollution is a burning issue based on scientific measurements and waste is studied as both a sociological issue and also from the scientific aspect but very little has been done on all the aspects together. ▪ Applicable to all rivers in India, the added sentiment in this case is the holiness of the river and hence the specific rituals meant for Ganga. ▪ Understanding why people do harm to the environment consciously or unconsciously based on the literature can help policy-makers address the cause at the root thus bringing

• ut more workable solutions by bottom-up approach for better management of urban blue

infrastructure, which is immensely crucial considering the ever-growing urban population. ▪ Currently, India being the second most populous country in the world, this particular kind of waste stream cannot be overlooked with regards to urban rivers. Considering the volume, the issue becomes more significant as 79.8% of India’s population consists of practising Hindus as per the last census.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

▪ Due to time limitation, the focus of this research was on the Kalighat stretch, with Kalighat as the central site, one upstream and another downstream of Kalighat, as this entire stretch is right in the heart of the city, multi-functional and multi-cultural area, tourism potential and also one of the most powerful Hindu temples. ▪ Sites for the research have been chosen based on varying density of temples along this river as the entire stretch could not be studied thoroughly due to time constraints. ▪ Effects of urbanisation, economy and direct politics is not taken into account to limit the scope for this study. ▪ Even though there may be many causes and dimensions to this, the focus of this study is kept

• n the sacred or holy waste because sewerage, informal settlements and many of the other

factors probably need more of direct policy level interventions to begin with whereas understanding people's behaviour may probably help bring a positive change from the grass root levels and at the source.

METHODOLOGY

Date: 20 September 2018 THESIS PRESENTATION 2

STRATEGY METHOD INSTRUMENT Case Study – 3 sub case studies Interview Semi-structured interviews (audio recording, notes) Observation Photographs, fieldnotes Secondary data Reports etc. Sector Categories Sub-categories Description Community Business

• Formal shops where devotees keep their shoes and buy offerings before entering

the temple, formal and informal shops selling souvenirs and other items like bangles, vermillion, statues/idols etc. pertaining to the temple, culture and faith. Residential Formal houses

• Informal settlers

Informal settlers who have a proper shelter on their own and also street dwellers. Related to the temple Temple administrators and workers All levels of the temple management/administrators/priests Key informants Public sector (local government) Kolkata Municipal Corporation

• The concerned municipality

Consultant to the government

• Some expert with sufficient knowledge in this sector who has been consulting the

government on similar issues. Researcher

• Someone working in similar sector.

Local observer

• Someone from the community level who does not directly take part in such rituals

but is a regular observer; religion no bar. Politician

• Mid-level politician of the ruling party at the State level.

SITE

Site B Site A Site C Site A Site B Site C

RESULTS

“There is a ritual at the end of the puja called ‘bishorjan’ which signifies the

immersion of the idol by reciting

mantras marking the end of the puja. This process does not necessarily need idol immersion into waterbodies but technically the idol can be reused again and many do that as well, particularly in cases where idols are made of metal instead of clay. However, this is more of a sentiment to immerse the idol marking the end of the worship in the physical sense. Similarly, for domestic puja, I have personally no issues with putting those with the household waste as the same way we discard other fruits and vegetables but my mother will

not allow that and she would insist on putting it in the water,

more so because the Ganga is considered holy and we have the privilege of staying very near to it. I had tried to make her understand the logic but eventually when she persists, I throw the organic waste only in the river after segregating the

plastic and we collect it in our home in a bucket and throw the puja

waste once the bucket is full, say, once in 4- 5 days.” – Respondent RFA2, Site A “For our local community puja, the committee decides on buying the idol and one person as such cannot do much and we usually end up buying the

idol with lead paint as it costs almost half of the similar one

without lead free paint.” – Respondent RFA2, Site A

Site A – medium temple density

RESULTS

“Offerings are purely organic in nature like flowers, leaves, fruits etc. and hence not toxic and hazardous. However, people

• ften

knowingly

• r

unknowingly put

those in a plastic bag and the tied up plastic bag is then thrown into the river. So the plastic

is the main hazardous element even though no ritual as such calls for plastic in the very first place.” – Respondent TA1, Site A “The local stalls mostly sell plastic

bangles for such cases as it costs less whereas the actual material to be used is conch and coral bangles for the married

women and also for the Goddess for symbolic as well as health purpose. Goddess Kali is visualised as a married woman and hence the same.” – Respondent RFB2, Site B

Site B – high temple density

RESULTS

▪ This can be linked to Site A where the net in front of the Chief Minister’s residence blocked the passage of the suspended solids from Site A and B towards Site A, latter being nearer to the main trunk of River Hoogly which induces the tidal flow in Adi Ganga. ▪ Net has been provided ahead of the Chief Minister’s residence near this bank to restrict the major chunk of waste from the Kalighat side. So this stretch is relatively cleaner. This related to situational factor of infrastructure. This site being in the upstream area and also subject to high and low tides, the net prevents the major chunk of the waste in Site B from coming in this area. This shows what effect an intervention of political will can have. ▪ Some respondents have also mentioned that they would be happy to see similar action throughout the stretch of the river rather than just a particular stretch because of its deemed importance because the river is for everyone and felt that

regular vigilance

and enforcement might actually help.

Site B station point for TSS

50 100 150 200 250 avg_2014 avg_2015 avg_2016 avg_2017 avg_2018 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) in High tide and Low tide High Low

RESULTS

▪ “Though people prefer mostly Kalighat but to avoid the heavy rush there, some people come here as well and hence this is also important.” – Respondent BC1, Site C ▪ “The overall situation is getting worse due

to shortage of water in the

• river. Not much waste is dumped in this

stretch but being a connected waterbody, everything is connected. This is south of Kalighat and downstream. So during high tide water from the Hoohly come to this side past Kalighat and bring the waste here as well and much is left behind

when the water flows back during low tide.” – Respondent BC1,

Site C ▪ “People in this particular ghat do not throw much. However, some passers-

by often throw discarded stuff

• n the go from the Keoratala

Bridge

here which adds up to the garbage in the stream below.” – Respondent RFC2, Site C

Site C – low temple density

RESULTS

Date: 20 September 2018 THESIS PRESENTATION 2

VARIABLES SUB-VARIABLES INDICATORS DESCRIPTION SITE A SITE B SITE C Factors affecting disposal of toxic and hazardous sacred waste

Individual Emotions Feelings that make one take a decision

✓

✓

✓

Habits A continuous process which has become a part

• f life

✓ ✓

✓

Perceived consumer effectiveness Perception regarding impact of a certain action or product

✓

✓

✓

Perceived behavioural control Perception of the individual’s behaviour by the person himself in advance in regards to a context

✓

✓

✓

Values and personal norms Social, ethical and moral values and ideals of an individual which aid in taking an action

✓

✓ ✓

Knowledge Previous learning and general awareness about a certain action or product

✓

✓

✓

Situational Socio-cultural factors/Subjective norm The social system forming a certain image or idea about a certain action or product

✓

✓

✓

Infrastructure Presence or absence of infrastructure that that helps in decision-making and execution

✓

✓

✓

Price Cost of an item; relates to the affordability of a product

✓

✓

• Product availability

Relates to availability of alternate options

• ✓
• Product attributes

The components of a certain product

✓ ✓

• Eco certification

Marked under a certain category as environment friendly by relevant authorities

✓ ✓

RESULTS

MOST PREVAILING FACTOR Site A Site B Site C Individual/Internal Values and personal norms (Lack of) knowledge (Lack of) knowledge Situational/External Subjective norm Subjective norm Subjective norm

RECOMMENDATIONS

▪ Recognising sacred waste as a distinct waste stream. ▪ Alternate options to idol immersions may also be taken up by spraying water on idol while resting it on a platform. ▪ Municipality vans especially for sacred waste collection ▪ Use of sacred waste for incense stick etc. ▪ Incentives on lead-free paints and idols ▪ General awareness and capacity building ▪ Plastic ban with alternate options

্যবা!

DHANYABAD! THANK YOU!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, where this research was conducted and Dr. Vicky Ariyanti, Prof. Somesh Sharma and Dr. Ogenis Brilhante. I am also thankful to Dr. Nilangshu Bhusan Basu (Technical Advisor – Kolkata Municipal Corporation), Mr. Tapas Choudhury (Special Municipal Commissioner – Kolkata Municipal Corporation), Mr. Tapas Kumar Mandal (DG & OSD (Nodal Officer), Tolly's Nullah Project – Kolkata Municipal Corporation), Late Robin Pal, the environmentalist better known as – Greenman Robin Pal, Dr. Ayanangshu Dey, Dr. Jigisha Panda, Mr. Dipen Paul and

• Mr. Prabir Dutta for being my interviewees and sharing their experiences. I am thankful to my

parents for being my research assistants for the fieldtrip which helped me immensely during the data collection period and being a strong support throughout. I would like to thank Jaladhar Nayak and Pramit Mitra who have also helped during the data collection period. Finally, I am grateful to Marijk Huysman for her encouragement that inspired me towards giving this idea a proper shape in the very first place.

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