Mythbusters: Bilingualism & CAS Childhood Christina Gildersleeve-Neumann, Ph.D., CCC-SLP Apraxia of Speech Portland State University For Apraxia-Kids, July 22, 2020 Type of Speech Sound Disorder × 2 template by SlidesCarnival; Watercolor textures by GraphicBurguer CAS differs from other SSDs CAS is like other SSDs × Core deficit is motor planning & programming speech × Affects × Inconsistency in utterance production × Speech output × Intelligibility × Consonant and *Vowels × Age-appropriate communication × Suprasegmental errors × Syllable and word stress × Social emotional factors × Pitch, loudness, intonation, nasality × Simpler sounds & syllable shapes × Excess equal stress predominate in speech productions × Unusual breaks between sounds in words × “tah” for “socks”, “boo” for “spoon” × Increased difficulty as utterance gets longer 3 4 CAS deficits affect Bilinguals with CAS × sequencing of motor movements × Same deficit in motor planning for speech × representation of sounds and syllables in as monolinguals the brain × But affects both languages × speech, language, and literacy in children × No effect on understanding two with CAS languages × No effect on need to communicate in both languages 5 6
Diagnosis, Assessment & Myths about Bilingualism & CAS Intervention for Bilinguals × Need to pick one language because it’s CAS × Parents can choose to speak a language they × Growing # of studies of CAS don’t speak × Limited work with bilinguals × English is more important × Because the SLP can speak it × Next to none on bilinguals with CAS × Because the child will need to speak it for school, to be successful × Because child is “choosing” English × Picking the “shorter word” is a conscious language choice × (eg., “ba” for “ball” instead of “pelota”) 7 8 Same CAS signs across languages × Based on English properties Careful of × Strong-weak stress pattern × Importance/high frequency of one syllable words cultural bias × Moderate # of consonants × Lots of vowels × Signs look different in languages with in CAS × Different stress patterns × Longer words × Few vowels × More/fewer consonants × Different word shapes × Differences affect assessment & treatment! 9 10 Learning two languages is I want an harder than learning one orange ball = × Based on monolingual U.S. mainstream culture yo necesito una × Most people speak two languages all the pelota time × Many speak 3+! anaranjada 11 12
Bilinguals only need one Focus on English because language SLP speaks English × Lack of value for home language × Assumption that family - not SLP, school - × Assumption that only classroom language important must adapt × For success × Dominant cultural bias × Devaluing of home environment × Assumes families can adapt × Assumption that Americans should/can/want to speak × English fluently × Have access to English learning resources × Want to speak English in their homes 13 14 FACT: Bilinguals with CAS × Need speech skills to communicate with their Most people in community × Monolingualism will impoverish their communication × Beware the “Matthew Effect” the world are × Those with access to therapy in their languages will improve their communication; those who are deprived of the opportunity to multilingual communicate in a language lose that language and effective communication with their community. 15 16 Bilinguals with CAS A (weak) need analogy: Should my × Assessment in both languages × Individualized treatment approach child with × Plan for language(s) of intervention × Which global apraxia × When × How learn to swim? 17 18
Which kid gets to For CAS Bilingual: swim? What decision factors? × Live on a houseboat × Severity of apraxia? Maybe × Live on a lake × Redefine “swim” so reflects difficulty × Has a house on a lake that they spent weekends at × Family considerations? × Visit extended family on a houseboat for weeks every × What impact will not swimming have on child? summer × Child considerations? × Older siblings and friends at neighborhood pool all summer × Present and future needs? × Your child really wants to learn how to swim × You don’t swim but you really want your child to 19 20 × × Can a child with CAS learn to speak two languages? Bilinguals with CAS YES × Same difficulties as monolinguals Should a child with CAS × Treatment for “meta” language skills needed × For generalization of learning across learn two languages? languages FAMILY DECISION. SLP provides appropriate supports. 21 22 Treatment for Bilingual CAS Important of Home Language in Treatment × Children with Speech and/or Language Disorder × Need as rich a communication × Can be used to strengthen English environment as possible × Learn new information × Impoverished internal child factors × in a stronger language × Need for enriched external factors × then transfer to weaker language × Bilingual children with CAS need intense × Better language choice if no English yet therapy in both languages. × Lots of opportunity for practice! × At greatest risk of losing L1 (c.f., Kohnert, 2012) 23 24
Intervention for Bilingual CAS Considerations × Elective vs. Circumstantial Bilingual × CAS motor planning disorder whether a bilingual or a monolingual × Languages families speak × Framework for CAS therapy doesn’t change × Current language environment of child × Need to consider specific language and × Who the family interacts with socio-cultural needs, Daily/Annually/Occasionally × × Need meta skills × Value of language for × Transferring skills in two languages is Family × generalization practice Child × × Severity of apraxia 25 26 Exceptions to Bilingual Approach Summary × Only home language × Bilingual children have SSDs × Not in school yet × SSDs will not go away or get better if you × Child with severe CAS are (or try to become) monolingual × Who needs strong foundation in × Monolingualism means you can’t talk to a communication first × Less exposure to school language lot of people in your world × Only school language × Isolating × Lack of generalization × Speech skills well-developed in both × Focus on school with transfer to home × Not now doesn’t mean not ever 27 28 × And now your questions! 29
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