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Jan 19, 2023 12 likes •185 views

Muscular fitness in physical education through Manual Resistance Training by Sandor Dorgo, Ph.D., CSCS University of Texas at El Paso Session Sponsored by NASPE Problem Obese and unfit children have low strength to body-weight ratio and

SLIDE 1

Muscular fitness in physical education through Manual Resistance Training

by Sandor Dorgo, Ph.D., CSCS University of Texas at El Paso Session Sponsored by NASPE

SLIDE 2

Problem

 Obese and unfit children have low strength

to body-weight ratio and low level of cardio fitness

 In PE class obese and unfit children:

 experience difficulty performing activities  fatigue rapidly

 PE often further discourages them from

engaging in physical activity (15)

SLIDE 3

Benefits of youth resistance training

 Various physiological benefits

 muscle function, cardiovascular fitness, body

composition, bones, posture, insulin sensitivity, type 2 diabetes, blood lipid profiles, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure (2,3,8,9,10,14,15,16,18,19)

 Improved performance, reduced injury risk, better

self-esteem (2,3,10)

 Enjoyment and enhanced positive attitude towards

exercising through large strength gains in short- term (5,8,9,10,13,15,16,18)

SLIDE 4

Resistance training in PE

 Due to equipment and budget requirements,

Weight Resistance Training is often excluded from PE (17)

 Manual Resistance Training (MRT) is an

applicable alternative (17)

 Requires minimal portable and inexpensive

equipment (PVC pipes, straps, chains, step- boxes, chairs, tables, mats)

 Resistance is provided by one or more

partners (1)

SLIDE 5

Manual Resistance Training

 Isokinetic type of contraction → maximal

contraction elicited for full ROM (1)

 Almost all weight training exercises can be

simulated with MRT exercises

 MRT requires minimal set-up  Provides high-intensity training in short time  Adjustable training stimuli components

 exercise selection and order, number of

exercises, sets, repetitions, rest intervals, and resistance

SLIDE 6

Pilot Study #1

 Purpose

 To investigate the effects of WRT and MRT programs on

muscular strength, muscular endurance, and body composition

 Methods

 Participants: 84 college students (46 male, 38 female) in

two groups (WRT vs. MRT)

 Pre- and post-test measurements:

 1 RM bench press and squat  Bench press/squat muscle endurance (70% of 1RM)  Body composition by underwater weighing

 Training program

 14 weeks, 3 sessions/week, 1 hour/session  Identical exercises, tri-set format, hypertrophy zone

SLIDE 7

Results of Pilot Study #1

 Males and females in both WRT and MRT

groups showed significant increase in

 1 RM bench press and 1 RM squat  Bench press and squat muscle endurance

 MRT participants showed significant changes

that were comparable to WRT participants in muscular strength and endurance tests

 Females in MRT group showed significant

changes in body composition

SLIDE 8

Muscular Strength Results

Pre-training test Post-training test Test Gender Group N Mean SD Mean SD Change (α) 1RM BP (kg) Male WRT 18 93.2 15.0 98.8 14.3 5.54

(5.95%)

<0.001 MRT 28 88.9 24.2 93.1 19.4 4.13

(4.65%)

<0.001 Female WRT 13 31.4 5.3 39.4 5.1 8.03

(25.5%)

0.003 MRT 25 30.9 6.6 35.9 7.4 4.99

(16.1%)

<0.001 1RM Squat (kg) Male WRT 18 104.5 26.3 133.4 21.8 28.98

(27.7%)

<0.001 MRT 26 104.1 29.7 125.5 28.3 21.46

(20.6%)

<0.001 Female WRT 13 48.7 16.4 72.2 11.0 23.55

(48.4%)

<0.001 MRT 22 44.3 16.2 63.8 18.5 19.48

(44.0%)

<0.001

SLIDE 9

Muscular Endurance

Pre-training test Post-training test Test Gender Group N Mean SD Mean SD Change (α) BP Reps Male WRT 18 13.1 3.4 17.6 3.3 4.50

(34.3%)

<0.001 MRT 25 14.1 2.4 17.2 4.5 3.08

(21.9%)

0.002 Female WRT 13 13.9 4.9 26.2 6.9 12.31

(88.4%)

<0.001 MRT 22 13.8 6.0 23.2 8.6 9.36

(67.7%)

<0.001 Squat Reps Male WRT 18 17.7 10.8 34.6 15.9 16.83

(94.9%)

<0.001 MRT 25 15.7 6.1 28.3 10.2 12.60

(80.3%)

<0.001 Female WRT 13 16.3 10.7 45.8 18.3 29.46

(180.6%)

<0.001 MRT 22 15.2 12.2 37.1 16.4 21.91

(144.3%)

<0.001

SLIDE 10

Body Composition

Pre-training test Post-training test Test Gender Group N Mean SD Mean SD Change (α) Sign. Body Fat (%) Male WRT 17 21.5 7.9 20.8 7.2 0.66 0.376 MRT 28 20.7 6.4 20.2 6.4 0.54 0.216 Female WRT 11 29.8 5.8 29.7 6.5 0.16 0.848 MRT 23 29.7 8.7 27.5 8.5 2.25 <0.001

SLIDE 11

Pilot Study #2

 Purpose

 To document the physical and physiological changes in

adolescents through the application of WRT and MRT programs in physical education settings

 Methods

 Participants: 342 high school students in four groups

(WRT group, MRT group, MRT+cardio group, control PE)

 Pre-, midterm-, and post-test measurements:

 BMI calculations, skinfold measurements  Fitnessgramm: one mile run, push-ups, curl-ups, flexed arm

hang, trunk lift, modified pull-ups

 Training program

 18 weeks, 3 sessions/week, 1:20 hour/session  Identical exercises, tri-set format, hypertrophy zone

SLIDE 12

Results of Pilot Study #2

 Preliminary Pre vs. Midterm-test Results

 No groups showed significant changes in BMI  Only the MRT-Cardio group improved significantly

the mile run

 All groups significantly improved curl-up

performance

 All experimental groups significantly improved trunk

lift performance

 Both MRT groups significantly improved push-up

performance

 MRT group significantly improved flexed arm hang

and pull-up performance

SLIDE 13

Results of Pilot Study #2

Pre-test Midterm-test Test Group N Mean SD N Mean SD Change (α) BMI Control 140 24.03 5.63 134 24.18 5.71 +0.15 .839 MRT 65 24.17 6.14 55 24.23 5.71 +0.06 .957 MRT Cardio 72 23.37 5.42 65 23.54 5.44 +0.17 .856 WRT 102 23.95 4.95 88 24.25 4.96 +0.30 .668 Mile run Control 140 794.42 205.33 134 852.62 246.60 +58.2 .034 MRT 65 743.84 171.05 55 689.36 164.25

54.48

.079 MRT Cardio 72 760.53 129.86 65 697.05 148.26

63.48

.008 WRT 102 656.80 190.05 88 618.18 146.47

38.62

.123 Curl-up Control 140 16.94 14.48 134 24.15 17.97 +1.03 .000 MRT 65 18.44 11.86 55 37.16 18.66 +18.72 .000 MRT Cardio 72 24.28 15.88 65 43.23 22.26 +18.95 .000 WRT 102 29.95 20.37 88 42.66 25.61 +12.71 .000

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Pre-test Midterm-test Test Group N Mean SD N Mean SD Change (α) Trunk lift Control 140 22.76 5.51 134 23.66 4.50 +0.9 .145 MRT 65 22.92 6.21 55 24.78 4.20 +1.86 .062 MRT Cardio 72 21.83 5.28 65 26.53 4.57 +4.7 .000 WRT 102 22.99 4.69 88 24.95 4.21 +1.96 .003 Push-up Control 140 9.94 8.49 134 11.33 7.80 +1.39 .162 MRT 65 9.29 9.26 55 15.27 9.31 +5.98 .001 MRT Cardio 72 12.19 7.67 65 16.00 8.92 +3.81 .008 WRT 102 16.48 11.04 88 16.42 11.44

0.06

.971 Flexed arm Control 140 6.10 9.61 134 7.75 12.39 +1.65 .221 MRT 65 6.43 10.18 55 11.86 13.90 +5.43 .015 MRT Cardio 72 11.29 14.04 65 7.33 9.75

3.96

.060 WRT 102 15.75 17.18 88 15.86 17.05 +0.11 .965 Pull-up Control 140 7.38 6.93 134 9.19 6.94 +1.81 .031 MRT 65 7.34 6.28 55 12.74 9.26 +5.4 .000 MRT Cardio 72 8.78 6.04 65 9.95 4.88 +1.17 .215 WRT 102 12.49 7.45 88 12.27 7.94

0.22

.846

SLIDE 15

Conclusion

 MRT is a viable alternative to traditional

resistance training

 MRT effectively improves muscular fitness,

and to some extent cardiovascular fitness and body composition

 MRT is appropriate for application in school-

based physical education

 MRT is an applicable form of exercise to

improve children’s fitness and to prevent childhood obesity

SLIDE 16

References

1. Adamovich, D. R., Seidman, S. R. (1987). Strength training using MARES (manual

accommodating resistance exercises). NSCA Journal, 9(3), 57-59.

2. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2001). Strength training by children and
adolescents. Pediatrics. 107(6), 1740-1472.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. (2000). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise

Testing and Prescription (6th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

4. Andersen, R. E., Crespo, C., Bartlett, S., Cheskin, L., and Pratt, M. (1998).

Relationship of Physical Activity and Television Watching with Body Weight and Levels of Fatness among Children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(12), 938-942.

5. Bar-Or, O. (2003). The Juvenile Obesity Epidemic: Strike Back with Physical
Activity. Sports Science Exchange, 16(2).
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fitness in children in the United States Mexico border region. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 15(4), 262-271.

7. Crespo, C. J., and Arbesman, J. (2003). Obesity in the United States. Physician

and Sportsmedicine, 31(11), 23-29.

8. Faigenbaum, A. D. (2003). Youth resistance Training. President’s Council on

Physical Fitness and Sports, Research Digest, 4(3).

9. Faigenbaum, A. D. (2002). Strength training for overweight teenagers. Strength

and Conditioning Journal, 24(5), 67-68.

10. Faigenbaum, A. D., Kraemer, W. J., Cahill, B., Chandler, J., Dziados, J., Elfrink, L.

D., Forman, E., Gaudiose M., Micheli L., Nitka M., Roberts, S. (1996). Youth Resistance Training: Position Statement Paper and Literature Review. Strength and Conditioning, 18(6), 62–76.

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References (cont.)

11. Falk, B., and Tenenbaum, G. (1996). The effectiveness of resistance training in

children - A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 22(3), 176-186.

12. Gidding, S. S., Leibel, R. L., Daniels, S., Rosenbaum, M., Van Horn, L., and Marx,
G. R. (1995). Understanding Obesity in Youth. American Heart Association.
13. Goran, M. I. (In-press). Effects of Resistance Training on Risk Factors for Type 2

Diabetes in Overweight Hispanic Boys.

14. Goran, M. I., Reynolds, K. D., and Lindquist, C. (1999). Role of Physical Activity

in the Prevention of Obesity in Children. International Journal of Obesity, 23,

Suppl. 3, 18-33.
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can benefit from high-intensity exercise. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 22(1), 51-54.

16. LaFontaine, T. (2002). Preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes in youth. Strength

and Conditioning Journal, 24(6), 53-56.

17. Munson, W., W., and Pettigrew, F. E. (1988). Cooperative strength training: a

method for preadolescents. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 59(2), 61-66.

18. Sothern, M. S., Loftin, J. M., Udall, J. N., Suskind, R. M., Ewing, T. L., Tang, S.

C., and Blecker, U. (1999). Inclusion of resistance exercise in a multidisciplinary

utpatient treatment program for preadolescent obese children. South. Med.

Journal, 92(6), 585-592.

19. Watts, K., Beye, P., Siafarikas, A., Davis, E. A., Jones, T. W., O’Driscoll, G., and

Green, D. J. (2004). Exercise Training Normalizes Vascular Dysfunction and Improves Central Adiposity in Obese Adolescents. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43(10), 1823-1827.