Multiglossic Ar abic fr om the pe r spe c tive of ide ologic - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Ide ology in Gr ammar , the Par is-L

• ndon-Unive r

sität Salzbur g, 10-12, Apr il 2014.

Multiglossic Ar abic fr

• m the

pe r spe c tive of ide ologic al c onc e ptions Kazuhiko Nakae

Kansai Gaidai Unive r sity Osaka, Japan nakae @kansaigaidai.ac .jp

• 1 -

• I. 、INT

RODUCT ION L inguistic r e se ar c h of Ar abic language 1- the gr ammar

• f Old Ar

abic type fr

• m the pr

e -Islamic e r a 2- the gr ammar

• f Ne o- Ar

abic type fr

• m the Me die val e r

a

• 2 -

• II. 、Aim of this r

e se ar c h

、Why do pe ople want to stic k to the gr

ammar

• f Old

Ar abic type , that is pr e sc r iptive gr ammar ? Is it fr

• m the ide ologic al pe r

spe c tive ?

• 3 -

• III. 、Signific anc e of this r

e se ar c h 1- motive of linguistic c hange 2- ide ology- induc e d linguistic c hange as an ine vitable pe r spe c tive 3- the basic thinking whic h Ar abic spe aking pe ople tr aditionally have .

、T

his r e se ar c h is par t of a lar ge r study that aims to e luc idate the ac tual situation of the mutual inte r ac tion on the c ontinuum be twe e n Old Ar abic type and Ne o-Ar abic type .

• 4 -

• IV. 、Pr

e liminar ie s : T he te r m Classic al Ar abic star te d to be use d in 19th c e ntur y in the we ste r n, e spe c ially Ge r man, sc holar ly tr adition :

、Nölde ke (1896), Caspar

i (1897), Br

• c ke lmann (1904),

、Völle r

(1906), Re c ke ndor f (1921), F üc k (1950) ... Classic al Ar abic is de pic te d in the fr ame wor k of the we ste r n philologic al tr adition and it is diffe r e nt fr

• m the de sc r

iption

• f Me die val Ar

ab gr ammar ians (Ar ab L inguistic T r adition).

• 5 -

Standar d Ar abic : the mode r nize d ve r sion of the gr ammar

• f Old Ar

abic type with muc h influe nc e of Ne o- Ar abic . Politic al standar dization : Politic al ide ology (Pan-Ar abism and Ar ab nationalism) c r e ate d Standar d Ar abic , ar

• und the

19th c e ntur y. Ac quisition of this gr ammar thr

• ugh sc hool e duc ation

T he e duc ate d e lite s only posse ss the knowle dge of Standar d Ar abic .

• 6 -

Colloquial Ar abic : Native language of Ar abs is the ir r e gional c olloquial Ar abic . Ar abic spe aking ar e a e xpands wide ly so that var ious kinds of c olloquial Ar abic e xists. Ar abic diale c t ? : T his is not the 'standar d - diale c t' r e lation. As for Standar d Ar abic :

、X c ohe r

e ntly pr e vale nt

、X native spe ake r

, at le ast of its or iginal diale c t

、X one of the diale c ts whic h had sync hr

• nic ally e xiste d
• 7 -

• V. 、Standar

dization pr

• c e ss

V- 1 、Standar dization of Ar abic in Islamic e r a T he past plays an authe ntic ating and le gitimating r

• le in the

standar dization pr

• c e ss.

“It is a we ll-known fac t that the pr e stige of Ar abic in the wor ld de r ive s fr

• m the r
• le of the language as a me dium of

the Qurʾān and that of the vast inte lle c tual tr adition to whic h Islam has give n r ise sinc e its appe ar anc e

• n the

wor ld stage in the se ve nth c e ntur y.” (Sule iman 2003 : 42-43)

• 8 -

Re ligious standar dization “T he e mphasis on Ar abic in the Qurʾān fur the r r e fle c ts the pr ivile ge d position of the language among the Ar abs of pr e - Islamic Ar abia as the me dium

• f the ir most highly

pr ize d c ultur al pr

• duc t, poe tr

y.” (Sule iman 2003 : 44) As e ar ly as the e ighth c e ntur y (fr

• m the e nd of se ve nth

c e ntur y to e ighth c e ntur y CE ) Ar abic gr ammar was c odifie d and fr

• ze n to fix. → Pr

e sc r iptive Ar abic

• 9 -

V- 2 、Pr e sc r iptive nor m - - - nor mative bind - - - pur ism Codifie d gr ammar : a nor m to avoid and e liminate r e gional c olloquial influe nc e s. “c olloquial wor ds ar e a linguistic illne ss and we must pr

• te c t our language and our pe ns fr
• m the ir hove r

ing in the vic inity.” (Muḥammad al-Xaḍar Ḥusayn 1934) pur e , pr e stigious and authe ntic Ar abic = fuṣḥā. (pur e ) ‘L inguistic F undame ntalism’

• 10 -

V- 3 、Diglossia - - - Multiglossia diglossia by F e r guson (1959) → multiglossia by Har y (1992) “T he syste matic natur e of the inte r me diate var ie ty in Ar abic ar gue s for a

• ne - syste m

mode l. T his syste m inc lude s a c ontinuum with two e xtr e me e nds : the ac r

• le c t

[=pr e sc r iptive Ar abic ] ... and the basile c t,

• r Colloquial

Ar abic . In the middle , the me sole c t, one finds c ountle ss var ie tie s, or le c ts, use d by native spe ake r s on diffe r e nt

• c c asions and unde r var

ious c ir c umstanc e s.” (Har y 1992, 28) ([ ] adde d)

• 11 -

inte r mixtur e (Shivtie l 1995, 215) : Nor mally pr e sc r iptive Ar abic (Fuṣḥā) is mixe d with the ir r e gional c olloquial var ie tie s (ʿĀmmiyya) in gr ammar and style . "T he se ... ar e , of c our se , the pole s of the dic hotomy : the r e ar e many inte r me diate and mixe d language s, whic h se r ve var ious c ommunic ative func tions. Until the 20th c e ntur y, for about 1400 ye ar s, the c olloquial had be e n c onside r e d an infe r ior language , not fit for use as a ve hic le of lite r atur e ." (Rose nbaum 1995, 143)

• 12 -

mixing in the phonologic al le ve l

ﺎﻨﺣا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺔﻜﻴﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﻟا فﺪﻬﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا ﻮﻫ نا ﺎﻨﺣا مﺪﻜﻧ رﻮﻬﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻜﻴﻜﺤﻟا ﻻو ءﻲﺷ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺔﻜﻴﻜﺤﻟا

iḥna barnāmig il-ḥakīka l-kāmila wi-l-hadaf min il-barnāmig huwa inn iḥna nkaddim li-l-gumhūr il-ḥakīka wa-la šayʾ gēr il-ḥakīka

T he y c an only pr

• nounc e / k/ (voic e le ss ve lar

plosive ) ac c or ding to the ir c olloquial nor m whe n the y should pr

• nounc e / q/ (voic e le ss uvular

plosive ) in the pr e sc r iptive nor m.

• 13 -

mixing in the mor phologic al le ve l 1 'e ye ' + dual suffix

ʿayn-ayn, ʿayn-ēn, ʿēn-ēn ◯ (matr

ix : c olloquial)

ʿēn-ayn, ʿīn-ayn X (matr

ix : pr e sc r iptive ) 'think' + pr

• .suffix (3f.sg)

tafakkar-it, itfakkar-it ◯ (matr

ix : c olloquial)

itfakkar-at X (matr

ix : pr e sc r iptive )

• 14 -

mixing in the mor phologic al le ve l 2 Although Spe ake r s nor mally use the c omple te c olloquial for ms, the y te nd to pr e fe r lam + jussive (pr e sc r iptive ) to mā + perfect (c olloquial). (le ft side ) (r ight side )

lam ʾara-hu ⇄ mā raʾay-tu-hu ⇄ mā raʾ-ēt-o ⇄ mā šuf-t-o

(I didn’t se e him.) c lassism

• 15 -

mixing in the syntac tic le ve l

(1) ʾayy muḥāfiẓ ʿind-ina yurīd ʾan yakun ʿind-u ǧāmʿa (any governor in our country wants to have a university) (2) ʾilli ni-šūf-ha wa ʾallati naʿīš-ha (which we see and experience) (3) ʾil-muškile baʾa ʾinna-nā ʿind-anā nās miš kways-a w-mumkin tusruq it-tallāǧa nafs-a-ha (The problem remains that we have bad people and it is possible to steal the refrigerator itself.) (27March 2014 pc)

• 16 -

mixing in the le ve l of se nte nc e and be yond

(4) yubuṣṣi hina huwwa ʿāyiz yirūḥ il-ḥaram ṣaḥīḥ huwa l-ḥaram sikitu ʾal-ēh ʾinna-mā huwa hawa yaʿni ʾēh ʿadala ʿan-i l-ḥaqq-i ʾila hawan fi nafs-i-hi rasūl illāh ma ʿamal-š kida mā ḍalla ṣāḥib-u-kum wa-mā ġawā. (šayx Muḥammad M. Šarawi, Šarqiyya, 1997)

(He looks he r e . T r ue , he wants to go to the ka’aba. T his is the way towar ds it, but what was it that he wante d ? He de viate d fr

• m the r

ight path for a de sir e in his soul. T he Pr

• phe t of God did not do that. You c ompanion =

Muḥammad has not str aye d ; he is not de lude d.) (Bassioune y 2013 : 60)

ʿadala ʿan-i l-ḥaqq-i ʾila hawan fi nafs-i-hi (from some ḥadīs) mā ḍalla ṣāḥib-u-kum wa-mā ġawā (53 al-naǧm-2)

• 17 -

(5) ʾalay-hi fa-l-nattaqi llāh-a taʾālā wa-li-naǧʿal-a l-qurʾān-a l-ʾaẓīm rabīʿ-a qulūb-i-na wa-li-naʾxud min-hu ma fiʾ-na li-ʾiṣlāḥ dunyā-na wa-ʾisʿād-i ʾuxrā-na (šayx ʿabd al-Ẓāhir, al-qāhira, 1999)

(L e t us fe ar God, and make the glor ious Qur ’an the spr ing of

• ur

he ar

• ts. L

e t us take fr

• m it what we want to r

e for m our wor ld, and make our se lve s happy in the he r e afte r .) nominalization : Colloquial Ar abic < Pr e sc r iptive Ar abic

ʾiṣlāḥ < nuṣliḥ (we reform) ʾisʿād < nusʿid (we make happy)

T he spe ake r te nds to c hange his spe e c h style to the c olloquial base d one unc onsc iously : a de viation fr

• m the

pr e sc r iptive Ar abic in the dir e c tion of Colloquial Ar abic

• 18 -

Pr e stige / authe ntic ity attr ac ts pe ople : ‘Whe ne ve r a var ie ty of a language with soc ial, r e ligious, e c onomic , or

• the r

pr e stige c ome s into c ontac t with a var ie ty without suc h pr e stige , spe ake r s and wr ite r s of the latte r will, at time s, tr y to use for ms of the for me r e ve n if the for ms ar e unne c e ssar y in that linguistic e nvir

• nme nt.’ (Har

y 2007, 275) ‘Pr e stige plays a ke y r

• le in te r

ms of bac kgr

• und analysis of

the c r e ation of pse udoc or e c tions ; in addition, the issue of ‘authe ntic ity’ must be take n into ac c ount.’ (Har y 2007, 276)

• 19 -

If we dar e to use the tr aditionally use d te r m diglossia we must r e -de fine it as follows : In the ac tual linguistic situation the c olloquial spe e c h inc lude s mor e or le ss pr e sc r iptive fe atur e s. T he mixing situation of var ious var ie tie s and style s be twe e n two e xtr e me e nds on the multiglossic c ontinuum is nor mal. T his is the most typic al c har ac te r istic of diglossia.

• 20 -

• VI. Pr

e sc r iptivism - - - ide ologic al pe r spe c tive

、T

his kind of mixing situation is tr igge r e d to appe ar due to the powe r ful influe nc e of pr e sc r iptive thinking. VI- 1 、Ḥikmat al-ʿarab (wisdons of Ar ab)--- be for e Islam “T he past is mine d, ide ologise d, and symbolic ally e labolate d in or de r to pr

• vide de te r

mination … with r e spe c t to c or r e c t and futur e c halle nge s”. (F ishman 1972 : 9) “it is ony by r e tur ning to that past that pur ity of Ar abic and wisdom of its pe ople c an be e xc avate d and r e c onstr uc te d as a fir st ste p in molding the pr e se nt in the image of the past.” (Sule iman 2003 : 50)

• 21 -

ḥikmat al-ʿarab (wisdom of the Ar

abs) : link be twe e n pe ople and authe ntic Ar abic T he Ar abic -spe ake r s of Ce ntr al Ar abia (Najd and the ir imme diate ly sur r

• unding ar

e as) c r e ate d this tr e asur e .

ḥikmat al-ʿarab has be e n tr

ansmitte d thr

• ugh outstanding

poe tr y in Old Ar abic . Poe ts e xc e le d in skills to de al with Old Ar abic gr ammar . Ar abs c he r ishe d this pr inc iple and tr adition thr

• ugh histor

y. Gr ammar

• f the pr

e sc r iptive Ar abic c apsulate s this tr e asur e .

• 22 -

bloodine ss of linguistic e le me nts : some vir tue s in be ing a thor

• ughbr

e d r athe r than a mongr e l, le gitimate r athe r than bastar d (T homas 1991:23) data for making the pr e sc r iptive gr ammar 1- al-Qurʾān 2- pr e - Islamic poe tr y 3- c olloquial Ar abic of the Ar ab tr ibe s in Ce ntr al Ar abia of se ve nth c e ntur y and r

• ughly up to the 9th-10th c e ntur

y C.E .

→ pr

e stige and author ity ge ogr aphic al r e str ic tion : linguistic pur ity, summe d up in the pr inc iple of faṣāḥa, whose le xic al me aning in wor d r

• ot

de note s the ide a of pur ity, c or r e c tne ss, and e loque nc e .

• 23 -

VI- 2 、E thic s of Islamic thought --- afte r Islam (6) dālika huwa al-ḍalāl-u l-baʿīd-u (14 ʾibrahīm-18) (T his is a de viation far away fr

• m the human r

ight path, de lude d by his de sir e in his soul.) E xample (7) inc lude s this se nte nc e . (7) yadʿū min dūn-i llāh-i mā lā yaḍurr-u-hu wa-mā lā

yanfaʿ-u-hu dālika huwa al-ḍalāl-u l-baʿīd-u (22 al-ḥaǧǧ-12)

(Inste ad of God, the y c all upon what c an ne ithe r har m nor he lp the m. T his is a de viation far away fr

• m the human r

ight path, de lude d by his de sir e in his soul.)

• 24 -

E xample (8) inc lude s the impor tant ke y wor d ḍalāl me aning ‘c or r uption’ ’de viation fr

• m

the r ight human path’ ‘de ge ne r ation of mor als’. (8) fa-mādā baʿd-a l-ḥaqq-i ʾillā l-ḍalāl-u fa-ʾannā tuṣrafūna. (10 Yunus- 32) (Apar t fr

• m the T

r uth, what is the r e e xc e pt de viation ? So how is it that you ar e dissuade d ?) tr iad of pur ity, c or r e c tne ss and e thic s / mor ality

• 25 -

“a c lose c onne c tion [e xists] be twe e n pur istic attitude s and the c ultur al e thos of a spe e c h c ommunity” (T homas 1991 : 2)

ḍalāl = de viation fr

• m the nor

ms of c or r e c t spe e c h = de viation fr

• m the r

ight path spe e c h → e thic al judgme nt inc or r e c tne ss in spe e c h → ble mish / fault T he Pr

• phe t Muḥammad :

c ommitting e r r

• r

s in spe e c h = de viation fr

• m the r

ight path the asse r tion in al-Qurʾān (26 :195) that it was r e ve ale d in “pe r spic uous” Ar abic (mubīn) : “bi-lisān-in ʿarabiyy-in mubīn-in”

• 26 -

In the 8th c e ntur y Sībawayhi (d.793) wr

• te a c ompr

e he nsive gr ammar of Old Ar abic , whic h is c alle d al-kitāb (the book)

• r kitāb Sībawayhi (T

he book of Sībawayhi). T he gr ammar pr e sc r ibe d by Sībawayhi has c ontinue d to be the fr

• ze n nor

m as the most author itative pr e sc r iptive gr ammar . One of the var ie tie s of Old Ar abic spoke n in Ce ntr al Ar abia has de ve lope d to be pr e sc r ibe d in the histor ic al pr

• c e ss.
• 27 -

A c omple te ly c or r e c t utte r anc e must fulfill two c onditions se mantic : to c onve y the inte nde d me aning str uc tur al : to c omply with the r ule s for the for m and ar r ange me nt of wor ds.

mustaqīm ḥasan : [mor

ally] r ight and [e thic ally] good

mustaqīm qabīḥ : [mor

ally] r ight and [e thic ally] bad

ġayr mustaqīm : not [mor

ally] r ight : uninte nde d me aning

muḥāl : wr

• ng, pe r

ve r te d, twiste d : inte r nally c ontr adic tor y

• 28 -

• VII. F

indings Ar ab L inguistic T r adition str

• ngly e stablishe d the str
• ng

c onne c tion be twe e n the pr e sc r iptive gr ammar and pur ity, c or r e c tne ss, authe ntic ity and mor als / e thic s. T his br

• ught

about the author ity in the pr e sc r iptive thinking in Ar abic multiglossic se ttings.

• 29 -

• VIII. Conc lusion

ḥikmat al-ʿarab is the basis of Ar

abic thinking. Due to the e thnic / national ide ology and r e ligious ide ology Ar abic spe ake r s str

• ngly want to stic k to the pr

e sc r iptivism. e thnic / national ide ology : ke y wor d ḥikmat al-ʿarab : pur ity and author ity de c e nde nt fr

• m the past in the ge nuine Ar

abs in Ce ntr al Ar abia r e ligious ide ology : ke y wor d ḍalāl me aning ‘c or r uption’ ’de viation fr

• m the r

ight human path’ ‘de ge ne r ation of mor als’

• 30 -

Ar abic spe aking pe ople have tr aditionally thought of only the c odifie d Ar abic as the pr e stigious and author itative Ar abic whic h the y have c alle d ʿarabiyya (Ar abic ). T he pr e sc r iptive thought has made this kind of assumption. T his me ans that the r e is a disc r e panc y be twe e n the ir assumption and the ac tual linguistic situation, whic h is a ve r y multiglossic situation. T his pr e sc r iptive thought has still be e n de e ply r

• ote d in the minds of Ar

abic - spe aking pe ople . T hat is why pe ople still now stic k to the pr e sc r iptive nor m although it is not the ir native language .

• 31 -

• IX. F

ur the r Re se ar c h

、Var

ious ways of thinking in the link be twe e n standar dization and ide ology might be found ac c or ding to the pe r iod and e ac h gr ammar ian in the fir st four c e ntur ie s

• f Islamic pe r
• iod. F

ur the r r e se ar c h thr

• ugh me tic ulous

pe r usal of the old e xtant ar c hive s of me die val Ar ab gr ammar ians is ne e de d.

、I want to r

e se ar c h for some mor e r ule s or syste ms of mixing of var ie tie s and style s in the le c t-c ontac t se ttings in multiglossia.

• 32 -

• 33 -

References : Bassiouney, Reem. 2013. The social motivation of code-switching in mosque sermons in Egypt. International Journal of Sociology of

• Language. Vol.2013, Issue 220, 49-66.

Carter, Michael G. 2004. Sibawayhi. London : I.B.Tauris. Ferguson, C.A. 1959. “Diglossia.” Word Vol.15 : 325-40. Fishman, Joshua A. 1972. Language and Nationalism : Two Integrative

• Essays. Rowley, MA : Newbury House Publishers.

Hary, Benjamins. 1992. Multiglossia in Judeo-Arabic. With an Edition, Translation and Grammatical Study of the Cairene Purin Schroll. Leiden, New York, and Köln : E.J.Brill. ____. 2007. “Hypercorrection.” In : Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Ed. by Kees Versteegh, Mushira Eid, Alaa Elgibali, Manfred Woidich, Andrzej Zaborski, 275-9. Leiden, New York, and Köln : E.J. Brill. Lentin, Jérome. 2007. “Middle Arabic”. In Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Ed. by Kees Versteegh, Mushira Eid, Alaa

• 34 -

Elgibali, Manfred Woidich, Andrzej Zaborski. Leiden, New York, and Köln : E.J. Brill. Meiseles, Gustav. 1980. “Educated spoken Arabic and the Arabic language continuum.” Archivum Linguisticum 11 : 118-148. ____. 1981. “Hybrid versus symbiotic constructions : a case study of contemporary Arabic.” Linguistics 19 : 1077-1093. Mitchell, T.F. 1975. “Some Preliminary Observations on the Arabic Koine.” Bulletin of British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.2, no.2 : 70-86. Nakae, Kazuhiko. (forthcoming). Clause Linkage in a transitional stage 〜｟ in the case of Palestinian Colloquial Arabic 〜｟. In : Proceedings of the Second Annual International Conference of Language, Literature &

• Linguistics. Ed. by Daniel Newman. Singapore : Global Science &

Technology Forum. Palva, Heikki. 1982. “Patterns of koineization in modern colloquial Arabic.” Acta Orientalia 43 : 13-32. ____. 2007. “Classicism”. In Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and

• 35 -

Linguistics, Ed. by Kees Versteegh, Mushira Eid, Alaa Elgibali, Manfred Woidich, Andrzej Zaborski. Leiden, New York, and Köln : E.J. Brill. Rosenbaum, Gabriel M. 1995. “Fuṣḥā within dramatic dialogue written in the Colloquial.” Israel Oriental Studies XV : 143-176. Shivtiel, Shlomit Shraybom-. 1995. “The role of the colloquial in the renaissance of standard Arabic.” Israel Oriental Studies XV : 207-215. Suleiman, Yasir. 2003. The Arabic Language and National Identity. Washington, D.C. : Georgetown University Press. Thomas, George. 1991. Linguistic Purism. London : Longman. http://sydney.edu.au/arts/research_projects/sibawiki/homepage/ index.htm#text http://corpus.quran.com

• 36 -