Morphomic properties and the interface of syntacticosemantic content - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Kashmiri conjugations Kashmiri verbs fall into three conjugations, exemplified here by GUP WUP WUPH ‘conceal’ ‘burn inside’ ‘fly’ (Conj. I), (Conj. II), (Conj. III). [ transitives ] [intransitives] The differences between the three conjugations are restricted to the preterite tenses. 42

Kashmiri conjugations Kashmiri verbs fall into three conjugations, exemplified here by GUP WUP WUPH ‘conceal’ ‘burn inside’ ‘fly’ (Conj. I), (Conj. II), (Conj. III). [ transitives ] [ intransitives ] The differences between the three conjugations are restricted to the preterite tenses. 43

Kashmiri conjugations Kashmiri verbs fall into three conjugations, exemplified here by GUP WUP WUPH ‘conceal’ ‘burn inside’ ‘fly’ (Conj. I), (Conj. II), (Conj. III). [ transitives ] [ intransitives ] The differences between the three conjugations are restricted to the preterite tenses. 44

Present-tense forms of three Kashmiri verbs Person, GUP WUP WUPH number, ‘conceal’ ‘burn inside’ ‘fly’ gender (Conj. I) (Conj. II) (Conj. III) of subject Masc Sg 1 chus gupān chus wupān chus wuphān 2 chukh gupān chukh wupān chukh wuphān 3 chuh gupān chuh wupān chuh wuphān Pl 1 chih gupān chih wupān chih wuphān 2 chiwa gupān chiwa wupān chiwa wuphān 3 chih gupān chih wupān chih wuphān Fem Sg 1 chɛs gupān chɛs wupān chɛs wuphān 2 chɛkh gupān chɛkh wupān chɛkh wuphān 3 chɛh gupān chɛh wupān chɛh wuphān Pl 1 chɛh gupān chɛh wupān chɛh wuphān 2 chɛwa gupān chɛwa wupān chɛwa wuphān 3 chɛh gupān chɛh wupān chɛh wuphān 45

Kashmiri conjugations In Kashmiri, verbs have three past tenses: • recent past • indefinite past • remote past. 46

The preterite inflection of WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wup ü wup u 3 wup i Pl 1 wupɛ wup i wa 2 wupɛwa wup i 3 wupɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa 47 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ

The preterite inflection of WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wup ü wup u 3 wup i Pl 1 wupɛ wup i wa 2 wupɛwa wup i 3 wupɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa 48 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ

Recent past inflection of GUP ‘conceal’, Conj. I Object number and gender Singular Plural Subject A B A B person and (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject number required) optional) required) optional) (B) Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem 1 gup u gup ü gupum gup ü m gup i gup ɛ gupim gupɛm Sg guputh gup ü th 2 gupith gupɛth 3 gup u gup ü gupun gup ü n gup i gup ɛ gupin gupɛn 1 gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ Pl gup u wa gup ü wa gup i wa gupɛwa 2 3 gup u gup ü gupukh gup ü kh gup i gup ɛ gupikh gupɛkh 49

Recent past inflection of GUP ‘conceal’, Conj. I Object number and gender Singular Plural Subject A B A B person and (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject number required) optional) required) optional) (B) Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem 1 gup u gup ü gupum gup ü m gup i gup ɛ gupim gupɛm Sg guputh gup ü th 2 gupith gupɛth 3 gup u gup ü gupun gup ü n gup i gup ɛ gupin gupɛn 1 gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ Pl gup u wa gup ü wa gup i wa gupɛwa 2 3 gup u gup ü gupukh gup ü kh gup i gup ɛ gupikh gupɛkh 50

Recent past inflection of GUP ‘conceal’, Conj. I Object number and gender Singular Plural Subject A B A B person and (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject number required) optional) required) optional) (B) Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem 1 gup u gup ü gupum gup ü m gup i gup ɛ gupim gupɛm Sg guputh gup ü th 2 gupith gupɛth 3 gup u gup ü gupun gup ü n gup i gup ɛ gupin gupɛn 1 gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ Pl gup u wa gup ü wa gup i wa gupɛwa 2 3 gup u gup ü gupukh gup ü kh gup i gup ɛ gupikh gupɛkh 51

Recent past inflection of GUP ‘conceal’, Conj. I Object number and gender Singular Plural Subject A B A B person and (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject number required) optional) required) optional) (B) Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem 1 gup u gup ü gupum gup ü m gup i gup ɛ gupim gupɛm Sg guputh gup ü th 2 gupith gupɛth 3 gup u gup ü gupun gup ü n gup i gup ɛ gupin gupɛn 1 gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ Pl gup u wa gup ü wa gup i wa gupɛwa 2 3 gup u gup ü gupukh gup ü kh gup i gup ɛ gupikh gupɛkh 52

Recent past inflection of GUP ‘conceal’, Conj. I Object number and gender Singular Plural Subject A B A B person and (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject (overt subject number required) optional) required) optional) (B) Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem Masc Fem 1 gup u gup ü gupum gup ü m gup i gup ɛ gupim gupɛm Sg guputh gup ü th 2 gupith gupɛth 3 gup u gup ü gupun gup ü n gup i gup ɛ gupin gupɛn 1 gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ Pl gup u wa gup ü wa gup i wa gupɛwa 2 3 gup u gup ü gupukh gup ü kh gup i gup ɛ gupikh gupɛkh 53

Object number and gender Subject Singular Plural person and A A Recent number Masc Fem Masc Fem past forms gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ 1sg of GUP 2sg ‘conceal’ gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ 3sg (Conj. I ) gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ 1pl 2pl gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ 3pl ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ The number and gender of a transitive verb’s object are coded by the same morphology as the number and gender of Conj. II verb’s third -person subject. 54

Object number and gender Subject Singular Plural person and A A Recent number Masc Fem Masc Fem past forms gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ 1sg of GUP 2sg ‘conceal’ gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ 3sg (Conj. I ) gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ 1pl 2pl gup u gup ü gup i gup ɛ 3pl Masc Fem Recent past wup ü s 1sg wupus forms of wup ü kh 2sg wupukh ← WUP wup u wup ü 3sg wup i 1pl wupɛ ‘burn inside’ wup i wa 2pl wupɛwa ← (Conj. II ) wup i 3pl wupɛ 55

Object number and gender Subject Singular Plural person and B B Recent past number Masc Fem Masc Fem forms gupum gup ü m gupim 1sg gupɛm of GUP guputh gup ü th gupith 2sg gupɛth ‘conceal’ gup ü n 3sg gupun gupin gupɛn (Conj. I ) 1pl gup u wa gup ü wa gup i wa 2pl gupɛwa gupukh gup ü kh gupikh 3pl gupɛkh 1sg -m Past-tense 2sg -th pronominal 3sg -n subject 1pl suffixes 2pl -wa (Conj. I ) 3pl -kh 56

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 57 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 58 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 59 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 60 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 61 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 62 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 63 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 64 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 65 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem wup ü s Recent Sg 1 wupus wuphyōs wuphyēyɛs wup ü kh past 2 wupukh wuphyōkh wuphyēyɛkh wup ü 3 wup u wuphyōv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ 2 wup i wa wupɛwa wuphyēwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wup i wupɛ wuphyēy wuphyēyɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupyōs wupyēyɛs wuphyās wuphyēyɛs past 2 wupyōkh wupyēyɛkh wuphyākh wuphyēyɛkh 3 wupyōv wupyēyɛ wuphyāv wuphyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ 2 wupyēwa wupyēyɛwa wuphyāwa wuphyēyɛwa 3 wupyēy wupyēyɛ wuphyāy wuphyēyɛ Remote Sg 1 wupyās wupyēyɛs wuphiyās wuphiyēyɛs past 2 wupyākh wupyēyɛkh wuphiyākh wuphiyēyɛkh 3 wupyāv wupyēyɛ wuphiyāv wuphiyēyɛ Pl 1 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ 2 wupyāwa wupyēyɛwa wuphiyāwa wuphiyēyɛwa 66 3 wupyāy wupyēyɛ wuphiyāy wuphiyēyɛ

Kashmiri conjugations From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugations I, II {past a} Recent past Conjugation III {past b} Conjugations I, II Indefinite past Conjugation III {past c} Conjugations I, II Remote past {past d} Conjugation III 67

Kashmiri conjugations From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugations I, II {past a} Recent past Conjugation III {past b} Conjugations I, II Indefinite past Conjugation III {past c} Conjugations I, II Remote past {past d} Conjugation III 68

Kashmiri conjugations From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugations I, II {past a} Recent past Conjugation III {past b} Conjugations I, II Indefinite past Conjugation III {past c} Conjugations I, II Remote past {past d} Conjugation III 69

Kashmiri conjugations From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugations I, II {past a} Recent past Conjugation III {past b} Conjugations I, II Indefinite past Conjugation III {past c} Conjugations I, II Remote past {past d} Conjugation III 70

Kashmiri conjugations From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugations I, II {past a} Recent past What are a, b, c and d? Conjugation III {past b} Conjugations I, II They are morphomes (Aronoff 1994). Indefinite past Conjugation III {past c} Conjugations I, II Remote past {past d} Conjugation III 71

Kashmiri conjugations From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugations I, II {past a} Recent past What are a, b, c and d? Conjugation III {past b} Conjugations I, II They are morphomic properties Indefinite past (Aronoff 1994). Conjugation III {past c} Conjugations I, II Remote past {past d} Conjugation III 72

Modeling the dichotomy of content and form in inflectional morphology with an alternative to the cell interface model 73

6. The paradigm linkage model 74

Paradigm linkage model  Each content cell is matched The content paradigm of a lexeme L is a set of content with a form cell, which cells : determines its inflectional  L, σ  realization.  In the default case, the content The form paradigm of a stem Z cell  L, σ  is matched with the is a set of form cells : form cell  Z, σ  , where Z is L’s  Z, τ  default stem.  But the relation between a Rules of semantic interpretation content cell and the form cell apply to content cells. with which it is matched may be mediated by a property Realization rules apply to form mapping f such that cells.  L, σ  is matched with  Z, f ( σ )  . 75

Paradigm linkage model  Each content cell is matched The content paradigm of a lexeme L is a set of content with a form cell, which cells : determines its inflectional  L, σ  realization.  In the default case, the content The form paradigm of a stem Z cell  L, σ  is matched with the is a set of form cells : form cell  Z, σ  , where Z is L’s  Z, τ  default stem.  But the relation between a Rules of semantic interpretation content cell and the form cell apply to content cells. with which it is matched may be mediated by a property Realization rules apply to form mapping f such that cells.  L, σ  is matched with  Z, f ( σ )  . 76

Paradigm linkage model  Each content cell is matched The content paradigm of a lexeme L is a set of content with a form cell, which cells : determines its inflectional  L, σ  realization.  In the default case, the content The form paradigm of a stem Z cell  L, σ  is matched with the is a set of form cells : form cell  Z, σ  , where Z is L’s  Z, τ  default stem.  But the relation between a Rules of semantic interpretation content cell and the form cell apply to content cells. with which it is matched may be mediated by a property Realization rules apply to form mapping f such that cells.  L, σ  is matched with  Z, f ( σ )  . 77

Paradigm linkage model  Each content cell is matched The content paradigm of a lexeme L is a set of content with a form cell, which cells : determines its inflectional  L, σ  realization.  In the default case, the content The form paradigm of a stem Z cell  L, σ  is matched with the is a set of form cells : form cell  Z, σ  , where Z is L’s  Z, τ  default stem.  But the relation between a Rules of semantic interpretation content cell and the form cell apply to content cells. with which it is matched may be mediated by a property Realization rules apply to form mapping f such that cells.  L, σ  is matched with  Z, f ( σ )  . 78

Paradigm linkage model  Each content cell is matched The content paradigm of a lexeme L is a set of content with a form cell, which cells : determines its inflectional  L, σ  realization.  In the default case, the content The form paradigm of a stem Z cell  L, σ  is matched with the is a set of form cells : form cell  Z, σ  , where Z is L’s  Z, τ  default stem.  But the relation between a Rules of semantic interpretation content cell and the form cell apply to content cells. with which it is matched may be mediated by a property Realization rules apply to form mapping f such that cells.  L, σ  is matched with  Z, f ( σ )  . 79

Paradigm linkage model  Each content cell is matched The content paradigm of a lexeme L is a set of content with a form cell, which cells : determines its inflectional  L, σ  realization.  In the default case, the content The form paradigm of a stem Z cell  L, σ  is matched with the is a set of form cells : form cell  Z, σ  , where Z is L’s  Z, τ  default stem.  But the relation between a Rules of semantic interpretation content cell and the form cell apply to content cells. with which it is matched may be mediated by a property Realization rules apply to form mapping f such that cells.  L, σ  is matched with  Z, f ( σ )  . 80

Paradigm linkage model  Each content cell is matched The content paradigm of a lexeme L is a set of content with a form cell, which cells : determines its inflectional  L, σ  realization.  In the default case, the content The form paradigm of a stem Z cell  L, σ  is matched with the is a set of form cells : form cell  Z, σ  , where Z is L’s  Z, τ  default stem.  But the relation between a Rules of semantic interpretation content cell and the form cell apply to content cells. with which it is matched may be mediated by a property Realization rules apply to form mapping f such that cells.  L, σ  is matched with  Z, f ( σ )  . 81

Paradigm linkage model 82

Paradigm linkage model Property mappings for Kashmiri verbs Property Domain Definition mapping f (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past a} f Conjugations I and II f (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past b} f (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past c} g (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past b} g (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past c} g Conjugation III g (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past d} 83

Paradigm linkage model Property mappings for Kashmiri verbs Property Domain Definition mapping f (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past a} f Conjugations I and II f (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past b} f (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past c} g (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past b} g (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past c} g Conjugation III g (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past d} 84

Paradigm linkage model Property mappings for Kashmiri verbs Property Domain Definition mapping f (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past a} f Conjugations I and II f (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past b} f (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past c} g (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past b} g (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past c} g Conjugation III g (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past d} 85

Paradigm linkage model Property mappings for Kashmiri verbs Property Domain Definition mapping f (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past a} f Conjugations I and II f (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past b} f (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past c} g (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past b} g (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past c} g Conjugation III g (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past d} 86

Paradigm linkage model Property mappings for Kashmiri verbs Property Domain Definition mapping f (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past a} f Conjugations I and II f (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past b} f (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past c} g (σ:{recent past}) = σ:{past b} g (σ:{indefinite past}) = σ:{past c} g Conjugation III g (σ:{remote past}) = σ:{past d} 87

Paradigm linkage model Block iii Word-realization rules: iii, X [V], σ:{past b masc sg} → X ō Block i iii, X [V], σ:{past b masc pl} → X ē i, X [V], σ:{past d} → X i iii, X [V], σ:{past masc} → X ā iii, X [V], σ:{past fem} → X ēyɛ Block ii iii, X [V], σ:{past a masc/fem} → X ii, X [V], σ:{past a sg masc} → X u Block iv ii, X [V], σ:{past a 3 sg masc} → X u ii, X [V], σ:{past a pl masc} → X i iv, X [V], σ:{1 sg} → X s ii, X [V], σ:{past a sg fem} → X ü iv, X [V], σ:{2 sg} → X kh ii, X [V], σ:{past a pl fem} → X ɛ iv, X [V], σ:{2 pl} → X wa ii, X [V], σ:{past} → X y iv, X [V], σ:{3 sg masc} → X v ii, X [V], σ:{past a} → X iv, X [V], σ:{3 pl masc} → X y iv, X [V], σ:{past a 3 sg/pl masc} → X Paradigm PF(  X, σ:{1 pl}  ) = PF(  X, σ:{3 pl}  ); function: otherwise, PF(  X, σ  ) = [ iv : [ iii : [ ii : [ i :  X, σ  ] ] ] ]. 88

Paradigm linkage model Block iii Word-realization rules: iii, X [V], σ:{ past b masc sg} → X ō Block i iii, X [V], σ:{ past b masc pl} → X ē i, X [V], σ:{ past d } → X i iii, X [V], σ:{past masc} → X ā iii, X [V], σ:{past fem} → X ēyɛ Block ii iii, X [V], σ:{ past a masc/fem} → X ii, X [V], σ:{ past a sg masc} → X u Block iv ii, X [V], σ:{ past a 3 sg masc} → X u ii, X [V], σ:{ past a pl masc} → X i iv, X [V], σ:{1 sg} → X s ii, X [V], σ:{ past a sg fem} → X ü iv, X [V], σ:{2 sg} → X kh ii, X [V], σ:{ past a pl fem} → X ɛ iv, X [V], σ:{2 pl} → X wa ii, X [V], σ:{past} → X y iv, X [V], σ:{3 sg masc} → X v ii, X [V], σ:{ past a } → X iv, X [V], σ:{3 pl masc} → X y iv, X [V], σ:{ past a 3 sg/pl masc} → X Paradigm PF(  X, σ:{1 pl}  ) = PF(  X, σ:{3 pl}  ); function: otherwise, PF(  X, σ  ) = [ iv : [ iii : [ ii : [ i :  X, σ  ] ] ] ]. 89

λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) wupyōv wuphyāv  WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  λ x [3,masc] [ RemPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}  ↓  wup , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ wupyāv 90

λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast (ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) wupyōv wuphyāv  WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  λ x [3,masc] [ RemPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}  ↓  wup , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ wupyāv 91

λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast (ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) wupyōv wuphyāv  WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  λ x [3,masc] [ RemPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}  ↓  wup , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ wupyāv 92

λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast (ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) wupyōv wuphyāv  WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  λ x [3,masc] [RemPast (ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}  ↓  wup , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ wupyāv 93

λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast (ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) wupyōv wuphyāv λ x [3,masc] [RemPast (ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}  ↓  wup , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ wupyāv 94

λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast (ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast (ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) wupyōv wuphyāv λ x [3,masc] [RemPast (ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}  ↓  wup , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ wupyāv 95

λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ wupyōv wuphyāv  WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) λ x [3,masc] [ RemPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc c}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ wupyāv wuphyāv 96

λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  f ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc past b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ wupyōv wuphyāv  WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) λ x [3,masc] [ RemPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  f ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc past c}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ wupyāv wuphyāv 97

λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  f ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc past b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ wupyōv wuphyāv  WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) λ x [3,masc] [ RemPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  f ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc past c}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ wupyāv wuphyāv 98

λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  f ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc past b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ wupyōv wuphyāv WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) λ x [3,masc] [ RemPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  f ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc past c}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ ↓ wupyāv wuphyāv 99

λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [ IndefPast(ˆ[ flyˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc indefinite past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  f ↓ ↓  wup , {3 sg masc past b}   wuph , {3 sg masc c}  ↓ g wupyōv wuphyāv WUP ‘burn inside’ (Conj . II ) WUPH ‘fly’ (Conj . III ) λ x [3,masc] [ RemPast(ˆ[ burn_insideˈ ( x )])] ↑  WUP , {3 sg masc remote past}   WUPH , {3 sg masc indefinite past}  f ↓  wup , {3 sg masc past c}   wuph , {3 sg masc past c}  ↓ ↓ wupyāv wuphyāv 100