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More manifestos In 1990 Stonebraker responded to Atkinsons 1989 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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More manifestos In 1990 Stonebraker responded to Atkinsons 1989 database manifesto with The Third-Generation Database System Manifesto with guidelines concerning future development of relational DBMS to allow them to remain dominant DD2471

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More manifestos

In 1990 Stonebraker responded to Atkinsons 1989 database manifesto with ”The Third-Generation Database System Manifesto” with guidelines concerning future development of relational DBMS to allow them to remain dominant

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 1 / 24

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More manifestos

In 1990 Stonebraker responded to Atkinsons 1989 database manifesto with ”The Third-Generation Database System Manifesto” with guidelines concerning future development of relational DBMS to allow them to remain dominant Two years later Date and Darwen published “The Third Manifesto” where they attack Stonebraker and reject SQL, calling it a perversion.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 1 / 24

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More manifestos

In 1990 Stonebraker responded to Atkinsons 1989 database manifesto with ”The Third-Generation Database System Manifesto” with guidelines concerning future development of relational DBMS to allow them to remain dominant Two years later Date and Darwen published “The Third Manifesto” where they attack Stonebraker and reject SQL, calling it a perversion. Object-Relational datbases and SLQ3 follow to a large extent Stonebrakers ideas

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 1 / 24

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Object-relational databases

Relational DBs were developed to, above all else, cover large organisations need for information in order to

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 2 / 24

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Object-relational databases

Relational DBs were developed to, above all else, cover large organisations need for information in order to

  • facilitate accounting
  • manage payrolls
  • manage orders

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 2 / 24

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Object-relational databases

Relational DBs were developed to, above all else, cover large organisations need for information in order to

  • facilitate accounting
  • manage payrolls
  • manage orders

Functions and activities simple to map onto a (largely) static relational structure.

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 2 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Computer Science successively penetrates new application and problem areas.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 3 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Computer Science successively penetrates new application and problem areas. Areas that demand databases but where the necessary structures are so complex (sometimes of unknown complexity) that relational databases are inadequate.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 3 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Computer Science successively penetrates new application and problem areas. Areas that demand databases but where the necessary structures are so complex (sometimes of unknown complexity) that relational databases are inadequate. Or must meet demands on managing sequences of events (or versions)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 3 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Computer Science successively penetrates new application and problem areas. Areas that demand databases but where the necessary structures are so complex (sometimes of unknown complexity) that relational databases are inadequate. Or must meet demands on managing sequences of events (or versions) Object databases were created. The relation, that formed the basis for the database revolution, was reduced to one of many data types. But . . .

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 3 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Computer Science successively penetrates new application and problem areas. Areas that demand databases but where the necessary structures are so complex (sometimes of unknown complexity) that relational databases are inadequate. Or must meet demands on managing sequences of events (or versions) Object databases were created. The relation, that formed the basis for the database revolution, was reduced to one of many data types. But . . .

  • a lot of knowhow had been invested in relational technology

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 3 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Computer Science successively penetrates new application and problem areas. Areas that demand databases but where the necessary structures are so complex (sometimes of unknown complexity) that relational databases are inadequate. Or must meet demands on managing sequences of events (or versions) Object databases were created. The relation, that formed the basis for the database revolution, was reduced to one of many data types. But . . .

  • a lot of knowhow had been invested in relational technology
  • most problems are still better solved with relational systems

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 3 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Computer Science successively penetrates new application and problem areas. Areas that demand databases but where the necessary structures are so complex (sometimes of unknown complexity) that relational databases are inadequate. Or must meet demands on managing sequences of events (or versions) Object databases were created. The relation, that formed the basis for the database revolution, was reduced to one of many data types. But . . .

  • a lot of knowhow had been invested in relational technology
  • most problems are still better solved with relational systems
  • and we know little or nothing about tomorrow

and . . .

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 3 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

after 15 years of quarantine there was no agreements on anything, neither in the research area nor in the business area.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 4 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

after 15 years of quarantine there was no agreements on anything, neither in the research area nor in the business area. No consensus on how to represent an object.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 4 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

after 15 years of quarantine there was no agreements on anything, neither in the research area nor in the business area. No consensus on how to represent an object. No consensus on how to store an object

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 4 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

after 15 years of quarantine there was no agreements on anything, neither in the research area nor in the business area. No consensus on how to represent an object. No consensus on how to store an object No consensus on how to send or recieve messages

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 4 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

after 15 years of quarantine there was no agreements on anything, neither in the research area nor in the business area. No consensus on how to represent an object. No consensus on how to store an object No consensus on how to send or recieve messages and, finally, no consensus on how to execute the messages (the code in the

  • bjects)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 4 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

after 15 years of quarantine there was no agreements on anything, neither in the research area nor in the business area. No consensus on how to represent an object. No consensus on how to store an object No consensus on how to send or recieve messages and, finally, no consensus on how to execute the messages (the code in the

  • bjects)

The industrial sector got tired of waiting and wanted also to preserve and make use of their extensive knowhow on relational systems.

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 4 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

There are benefits with the relational systems

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 5 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

There are benefits with the relational systems

  • Simple mathematics

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 5 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

There are benefits with the relational systems

  • Simple mathematics
  • Simple basic data type (the relation)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 5 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

There are benefits with the relational systems

  • Simple mathematics
  • Simple basic data type (the relation)
  • Efficient indexing

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 5 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

There are benefits with the relational systems

  • Simple mathematics
  • Simple basic data type (the relation)
  • Efficient indexing
  • Optimization

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 5 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

There are benefits with the relational systems

  • Simple mathematics
  • Simple basic data type (the relation)
  • Efficient indexing
  • Optimization

So, the industry developed an interest to continue with relational systems also for complex/complicated data

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 5 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

You have complex data in a number of application areas where people already had acquired good knowledge of RDBMS

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 6 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

You have complex data in a number of application areas where people already had acquired good knowledge of RDBMS

  • multi-media applications for www

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 6 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

You have complex data in a number of application areas where people already had acquired good knowledge of RDBMS

  • multi-media applications for www
  • medical systems (EKG, X-ray photos, MRI (magnetic ray imaging)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 6 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

You have complex data in a number of application areas where people already had acquired good knowledge of RDBMS

  • multi-media applications for www
  • medical systems (EKG, X-ray photos, MRI (magnetic ray imaging)
  • geografical systems (as well as other spatial systems – managing seismic data,

satellite images, . . . )

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 6 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

You have complex data in a number of application areas where people already had acquired good knowledge of RDBMS

  • multi-media applications for www
  • medical systems (EKG, X-ray photos, MRI (magnetic ray imaging)
  • geografical systems (as well as other spatial systems – managing seismic data,

satellite images, . . . )

  • economical and statistical systems (time series . . . )
  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 6 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Also, the switch to object systems also meant using databases more for persistence in programs than traditional database management

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 7 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Also, the switch to object systems also meant using databases more for persistence in programs than traditional database management There was still a need for systems where you stored information for later use

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 7 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Also, the switch to object systems also meant using databases more for persistence in programs than traditional database management There was still a need for systems where you stored information for later use There was a research project that could form the basis for a new model. And . . . it was already commercial

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 7 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Also, the switch to object systems also meant using databases more for persistence in programs than traditional database management There was still a need for systems where you stored information for later use There was a research project that could form the basis for a new model. And . . . it was already commercial They turned things over again and kept the relation as the basic data type and data structure and created extendible type systems instead.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 7 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Also, the switch to object systems also meant using databases more for persistence in programs than traditional database management There was still a need for systems where you stored information for later use There was a research project that could form the basis for a new model. And . . . it was already commercial They turned things over again and kept the relation as the basic data type and data structure and created extendible type systems instead. This meant higher demands on DBMS manufacturers. There were already stored procedures and BLOBS

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 7 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Also, the switch to object systems also meant using databases more for persistence in programs than traditional database management There was still a need for systems where you stored information for later use There was a research project that could form the basis for a new model. And . . . it was already commercial They turned things over again and kept the relation as the basic data type and data structure and created extendible type systems instead. This meant higher demands on DBMS manufacturers. There were already stored procedures and BLOBS They had to be extended and made more efficient and indexing had to become extendible too

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 7 / 24

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Object relational databases . . .

Also, the switch to object systems also meant using databases more for persistence in programs than traditional database management There was still a need for systems where you stored information for later use There was a research project that could form the basis for a new model. And . . . it was already commercial They turned things over again and kept the relation as the basic data type and data structure and created extendible type systems instead. This meant higher demands on DBMS manufacturers. There were already stored procedures and BLOBS They had to be extended and made more efficient and indexing had to become extendible too Some architectures for ORDBMS were tested . . .

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 7 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, wrapper/mapper

W R A P P E R Client RDBMS A P P E R / M

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 8 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, wrapper/mapper

W R A P P E R Client RDBMS A P P E R / M

  • Good use of existing systems
  • Rapid to implement

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 8 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, wrapper/mapper

W R A P P E R Client RDBMS A P P E R / M

  • Good use of existing systems
  • Rapid to implement
  • Rapid to upgrade

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 8 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, wrapper/mapper

W R A P P E R Client RDBMS A P P E R / M

  • Good use of existing systems
  • Rapid to implement
  • Rapid to upgrade
  • Performance problems because of the extra mapping

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 8 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, wrapper/mapper

W R A P P E R Client RDBMS A P P E R / M

  • Good use of existing systems
  • Rapid to implement
  • Rapid to upgrade
  • Performance problems because of the extra mapping
  • Performance problems because of transformation OO ↔ Relationer
  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 8 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, merge via gateway

A P I G A T E W A Y Client RDBMS ODBMS

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 9 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, merge via gateway

A P I G A T E W A Y Client RDBMS ODBMS

  • Good support for existing RDB

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 9 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, merge via gateway

A P I G A T E W A Y Client RDBMS ODBMS

  • Good support for existing RDB
  • Rapid to upgrade from existing system

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 9 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, merge via gateway

A P I G A T E W A Y Client RDBMS ODBMS

  • Good support for existing RDB
  • Rapid to upgrade from existing system
  • Complicated to upgrade

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 9 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, merge via gateway

A P I G A T E W A Y Client RDBMS ODBMS

  • Good support for existing RDB
  • Rapid to upgrade from existing system
  • Complicated to upgrade
  • Demands efficient gateways

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 9 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, merge via gateway

A P I G A T E W A Y Client RDBMS ODBMS

  • Good support for existing RDB
  • Rapid to upgrade from existing system
  • Complicated to upgrade
  • Demands efficient gateways
  • Still gives performance problems in the merge/split part of the API
  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 9 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, universal server

ORDB OR Server Client

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 10 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, universal server

ORDB OR Server Client

  • Universal server
  • Good support for existing RDB

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 10 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, universal server

ORDB OR Server Client

  • Universal server
  • Good support for existing RDB
  • Simple upgrade from existing system in terms of knowhow

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 10 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, universal server

ORDB OR Server Client

  • Universal server
  • Good support for existing RDB
  • Simple upgrade from existing system in terms of knowhow
  • Has to be as efficient as RDBMS and as flexible as OODBMS

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 10 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, universal server

ORDB OR Server Client

  • Universal server
  • Good support for existing RDB
  • Simple upgrade from existing system in terms of knowhow
  • Has to be as efficient as RDBMS and as flexible as OODBMS
  • Complicated reengineering/new development

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 10 / 24

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ORDBMS – architectures, universal server

ORDB OR Server Client

  • Universal server
  • Good support for existing RDB
  • Simple upgrade from existing system in terms of knowhow
  • Has to be as efficient as RDBMS and as flexible as OODBMS
  • Complicated reengineering/new development
  • Risk being an inefficient compromise
  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 10 / 24

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ORDBMS – demands

  • It must be possible to query, access and manipulate even complex data

structures from within SQL without braking traditional RDBMS rules/restrictions.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 11 / 24

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ORDBMS – demands

  • It must be possible to query, access and manipulate even complex data

structures from within SQL without braking traditional RDBMS rules/restrictions.

  • It is not possible to build completely generalised systems and thus it is

important to deliver the tools for extending and adapting data type system, index system and optimiser

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 11 / 24

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SLIDE 57

ORDBMS – demands

  • It must be possible to query, access and manipulate even complex data

structures from within SQL without braking traditional RDBMS rules/restrictions.

  • It is not possible to build completely generalised systems and thus it is

important to deliver the tools for extending and adapting data type system, index system and optimiser

  • Extensions must be pluggable as it isn’t reasonable for DBMS clients to wait

until next version or to expect that next version will cover their specific needs.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 11 / 24

slide-58
SLIDE 58

ORDBMS – demands

  • It must be possible to query, access and manipulate even complex data

structures from within SQL without braking traditional RDBMS rules/restrictions.

  • It is not possible to build completely generalised systems and thus it is

important to deliver the tools for extending and adapting data type system, index system and optimiser

  • Extensions must be pluggable as it isn’t reasonable for DBMS clients to wait

until next version or to expect that next version will cover their specific needs.

  • It is not reasonable to expect the manufacturers to deliver a new version for

every newly discovered requirement.

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 11 / 24

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ORDBMS . . .

Some manufacturers have chosen the universal server approach and deliver a DBMS with pluggable modules that well covers a large variety of different customer needs

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 12 / 24

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ORDBMS . . .

Some manufacturers have chosen the universal server approach and deliver a DBMS with pluggable modules that well covers a large variety of different customer needs Third party manufacturers can deliver modules that are specialized for their field of interest.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 12 / 24

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ORDBMS . . .

Some manufacturers have chosen the universal server approach and deliver a DBMS with pluggable modules that well covers a large variety of different customer needs Third party manufacturers can deliver modules that are specialized for their field of interest. The extendibility must cover more than just data types as it must be possible to use SQL and to index the new data type items

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 12 / 24

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ORDBMS – a peek at history

The Stonebraker research team were already commercially successful with Ingres (1980) and had visions. They continued with their next product, Postgres, with extendible type system and an embryo for procedures stored in the database and that executed in DB primary memory.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 13 / 24

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ORDBMS – a peek at history

The Stonebraker research team were already commercially successful with Ingres (1980) and had visions. They continued with their next product, Postgres, with extendible type system and an embryo for procedures stored in the database and that executed in DB primary memory. The product is nowadays available under GPL and named PostgreSQL as their

  • riginal query language has been replaced by SQL.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 13 / 24

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ORDBMS – a peek at history

The Stonebraker research team were already commercially successful with Ingres (1980) and had visions. They continued with their next product, Postgres, with extendible type system and an embryo for procedures stored in the database and that executed in DB primary memory. The product is nowadays available under GPL and named PostgreSQL as their

  • riginal query language has been replaced by SQL.

Illustra, the first GIS system, was built on Postgres and introduced in 1992 with immediate success.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 13 / 24

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SLIDE 65

ORDBMS – a peek at history

The Stonebraker research team were already commercially successful with Ingres (1980) and had visions. They continued with their next product, Postgres, with extendible type system and an embryo for procedures stored in the database and that executed in DB primary memory. The product is nowadays available under GPL and named PostgreSQL as their

  • riginal query language has been replaced by SQL.

Illustra, the first GIS system, was built on Postgres and introduced in 1992 with immediate success. Informix bought Illustra in 1996 and refined the system and merged it with their

  • wn RDBMS, The result was the first extendible ORDBMS.
  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 13 / 24

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ORDBMS – a peek at history . . .

The rest of the relational database community went crazy. They understood that this was the future. Everybody wanted to be part of the new development. Research project were started. Soon enough many delivered ORDBMS but none as general and sophisticated as the Informix Universal Server.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 14 / 24

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ORDBMS – a peek at history . . .

The rest of the relational database community went crazy. They understood that this was the future. Everybody wanted to be part of the new development. Research project were started. Soon enough many delivered ORDBMS but none as general and sophisticated as the Informix Universal Server. However, a product is not enough. Informix had enormous management problems and were bought by IBM who continues development of both Informix DBMS and DB2, their own product.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 14 / 24

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ORDBMS – a peek at history . . .

The rest of the relational database community went crazy. They understood that this was the future. Everybody wanted to be part of the new development. Research project were started. Soon enough many delivered ORDBMS but none as general and sophisticated as the Informix Universal Server. However, a product is not enough. Informix had enormous management problems and were bought by IBM who continues development of both Informix DBMS and DB2, their own product. Then, what exactly is an ORDBMS? What facilities do they have that traditional RDBMS don’t? Let’s take a look at what the larger of the manufacturers have done to their products.

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 14 / 24

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ORDBMS – what is new?

Binary Large OBject, BLOB, were already in RDBMS, a new “data type”, a binary string that could be several GB in size.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 15 / 24

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ORDBMS – what is new?

Binary Large OBject, BLOB, were already in RDBMS, a new “data type”, a binary string that could be several GB in size. Strings are not as simple to manage as more complex structures. Its size demands that it is mainly treated as a byte stream. The lack of structure made it important to use extra meta data to clarify its real structure.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 15 / 24

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ORDBMS – what is new?

Binary Large OBject, BLOB, were already in RDBMS, a new “data type”, a binary string that could be several GB in size. Strings are not as simple to manage as more complex structures. Its size demands that it is mainly treated as a byte stream. The lack of structure made it important to use extra meta data to clarify its real structure. So you cannot formulate queries about BLOBs or their structure.

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 15 / 24

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ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Operations and algorithms that are necessary to manipulate BLOBs are not possible to implement in a general fashion (for querying) in spite of the fact that we deal with rich, complex and well structured data (images, video, audio, XML, html, . . . documents)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 16 / 24

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SLIDE 73

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Operations and algorithms that are necessary to manipulate BLOBs are not possible to implement in a general fashion (for querying) in spite of the fact that we deal with rich, complex and well structured data (images, video, audio, XML, html, . . . documents) Mostly we must rely on external programs and, maybe, just to verify that the content is uninteresting.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 16 / 24

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SLIDE 74

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Operations and algorithms that are necessary to manipulate BLOBs are not possible to implement in a general fashion (for querying) in spite of the fact that we deal with rich, complex and well structured data (images, video, audio, XML, html, . . . documents) Mostly we must rely on external programs and, maybe, just to verify that the content is uninteresting. Besides BLOBs, CLOBs (Character Large OBjects) were introduced. Strings have structure so you can search them.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 16 / 24

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SLIDE 75

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Operations and algorithms that are necessary to manipulate BLOBs are not possible to implement in a general fashion (for querying) in spite of the fact that we deal with rich, complex and well structured data (images, video, audio, XML, html, . . . documents) Mostly we must rely on external programs and, maybe, just to verify that the content is uninteresting. Besides BLOBs, CLOBs (Character Large OBjects) were introduced. Strings have structure so you can search them. Some systems implement other “LOB” types.

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 16 / 24

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ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

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SLIDE 77

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)
  • user defined types, procedures and functions

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

slide-78
SLIDE 78

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)
  • user defined types, procedures and functions
  • polymorphism

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

slide-79
SLIDE 79

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)
  • user defined types, procedures and functions
  • polymorphism
  • inheritance

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

slide-80
SLIDE 80

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)
  • user defined types, procedures and functions
  • polymorphism
  • inheritance
  • reference types and object identity

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

slide-81
SLIDE 81

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)
  • user defined types, procedures and functions
  • polymorphism
  • inheritance
  • reference types and object identity
  • “collections” : ARRAY, SET, LIST, MULTISET

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

slide-82
SLIDE 82

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)
  • user defined types, procedures and functions
  • polymorphism
  • inheritance
  • reference types and object identity
  • “collections” : ARRAY, SET, LIST, MULTISET
  • triggers

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

slide-83
SLIDE 83

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)
  • user defined types, procedures and functions
  • polymorphism
  • inheritance
  • reference types and object identity
  • “collections” : ARRAY, SET, LIST, MULTISET
  • triggers
  • recursion (mainly convex hull recursion)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

slide-84
SLIDE 84

ORDBMS – what’s new . . . ?

Additions apart from BLOB and CLOB

  • row types (essentially composite attributes)
  • user defined types, procedures and functions
  • polymorphism
  • inheritance
  • reference types and object identity
  • “collections” : ARRAY, SET, LIST, MULTISET
  • triggers
  • recursion (mainly convex hull recursion)

Let us look at some of it and compare ORDBMS with OODBMS. The examples stem from Postgres

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 17 / 24

slide-85
SLIDE 85

ORDBMS – benefits?

Stonebraker suggested a classification departing from searchability, multi user support, data complexity and extendibility.

File systems RDBMS OODBMS

data complexity / exetendibility searchability / multi−user support

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 18 / 24

slide-86
SLIDE 86

ORDBMS – benefits . . . ?

Adding ORDBMS completes the picture:

File systems RDBMS ORDBMS OODBMS

data complexity / exetendibility searchability / multi−user support

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 19 / 24

slide-87
SLIDE 87

ORDBMS – benefits . . . ?

  • Reuse

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 20 / 24

slide-88
SLIDE 88

ORDBMS – benefits . . . ?

  • Reuse
  • Sharing

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 20 / 24

slide-89
SLIDE 89

ORDBMS – benefits . . . ?

  • Reuse
  • Sharing
  • Increased productivity (due to the two previous points)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 20 / 24

slide-90
SLIDE 90

ORDBMS – benefits . . . ?

  • Reuse
  • Sharing
  • Increased productivity (due to the two previous points)
  • You preserve knowledge from RDBMS (probably too expensive to switch)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 20 / 24

slide-91
SLIDE 91

ORDBMS – benefits . . . ?

  • Reuse
  • Sharing
  • Increased productivity (due to the two previous points)
  • You preserve knowledge from RDBMS (probably too expensive to switch)
  • SQL ⊂ SQL2 / SQL92 ⊂ SQL3 / SQL99 ( ⊂ SQL4 )
  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 20 / 24

slide-92
SLIDE 92

ORDBMS – drawbacks?

You apparently introduce complexity (without limit . . . ).

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 21 / 24

slide-93
SLIDE 93

ORDBMS – drawbacks?

You apparently introduce complexity (without limit . . . ). Critics exist that claim that:

  • you lose the apparent simplicity of traditional RDBMS

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 21 / 24

slide-94
SLIDE 94

ORDBMS – drawbacks?

You apparently introduce complexity (without limit . . . ). Critics exist that claim that:

  • you lose the apparent simplicity of traditional RDBMS
  • you extend for a marginal group of users (not many use the extensions)

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 21 / 24

slide-95
SLIDE 95

ORDBMS – drawbacks?

You apparently introduce complexity (without limit . . . ). Critics exist that claim that:

  • you lose the apparent simplicity of traditional RDBMS
  • you extend for a marginal group of users (not many use the extensions)
  • “purists” in OO reject the terminology

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 21 / 24

slide-96
SLIDE 96

ORDBMS – drawbacks?

You apparently introduce complexity (without limit . . . ). Critics exist that claim that:

  • you lose the apparent simplicity of traditional RDBMS
  • you extend for a marginal group of users (not many use the extensions)
  • “purists” in OO reject the terminology
  • the world is not relational with “some extra structures”

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 21 / 24

slide-97
SLIDE 97

ORDBMS – drawbacks?

You apparently introduce complexity (without limit . . . ). Critics exist that claim that:

  • you lose the apparent simplicity of traditional RDBMS
  • you extend for a marginal group of users (not many use the extensions)
  • “purists” in OO reject the terminology
  • the world is not relational with “some extra structures”
  • OO-application programs are not as “data centered” as traditional database

application programs

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 21 / 24

slide-98
SLIDE 98

PostgreSQL

Stonebraker & al. are also beyond the pioneering work with Postgres, that under the name PostgreSQL is free to download and use under GPL

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 22 / 24

slide-99
SLIDE 99

PostgreSQL

Stonebraker & al. are also beyond the pioneering work with Postgres, that under the name PostgreSQL is free to download and use under GPL Postgre(-s/-SQL) was designed to meet the new industrial demands

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 22 / 24

slide-100
SLIDE 100

PostgreSQL

Stonebraker & al. are also beyond the pioneering work with Postgres, that under the name PostgreSQL is free to download and use under GPL Postgre(-s/-SQL) was designed to meet the new industrial demands PostgreSQL follows SQL92 “entry level” but they have implemented most of SQL99 (SQL3) though some of it with PostgreSQL-specific syntax which slowly is reworked into the standard syntax

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 22 / 24

slide-101
SLIDE 101

PostgreSQL

Stonebraker & al. are also beyond the pioneering work with Postgres, that under the name PostgreSQL is free to download and use under GPL Postgre(-s/-SQL) was designed to meet the new industrial demands PostgreSQL follows SQL92 “entry level” but they have implemented most of SQL99 (SQL3) though some of it with PostgreSQL-specific syntax which slowly is reworked into the standard syntax They added abstract data types, procedures/functions and rules

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 22 / 24

slide-102
SLIDE 102

PostgreSQL

Stonebraker & al. are also beyond the pioneering work with Postgres, that under the name PostgreSQL is free to download and use under GPL Postgre(-s/-SQL) was designed to meet the new industrial demands PostgreSQL follows SQL92 “entry level” but they have implemented most of SQL99 (SQL3) though some of it with PostgreSQL-specific syntax which slowly is reworked into the standard syntax They added abstract data types, procedures/functions and rules And . . . they made all data types abstract, even the original (standard??) RDBMS

  • nes.
  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 22 / 24

slide-103
SLIDE 103

PostgreSQL . . .

One restriction though. No inheritance between abstract data types.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 23 / 24

slide-104
SLIDE 104

PostgreSQL . . .

One restriction though. No inheritance between abstract data types. However, tables may inherit other tables . . .

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 23 / 24

slide-105
SLIDE 105

PostgreSQL . . .

One restriction though. No inheritance between abstract data types. However, tables may inherit other tables . . . Every row in every table has a unique identifier, which corresponds to OID in OO-languages.

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 23 / 24

slide-106
SLIDE 106

PostgreSQL . . .

One restriction though. No inheritance between abstract data types. However, tables may inherit other tables . . . Every row in every table has a unique identifier, which corresponds to OID in OO-languages. Declare a sequence CREATE SEQUENCE unique_sequence START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 NO MAXVALUE NO MINVALUE CACHE 1;

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 23 / 24

slide-107
SLIDE 107

PostgreSQL . . .

One restriction though. No inheritance between abstract data types. However, tables may inherit other tables . . . Every row in every table has a unique identifier, which corresponds to OID in OO-languages. Declare a sequence CREATE SEQUENCE unique_sequence START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 NO MAXVALUE NO MINVALUE CACHE 1; Use it in a table CREATE TABLE t (

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 23 / 24

slide-108
SLIDE 108

PostgreSQL . . .

One restriction though. No inheritance between abstract data types. However, tables may inherit other tables . . . Every row in every table has a unique identifier, which corresponds to OID in OO-languages. Declare a sequence CREATE SEQUENCE unique_sequence START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 NO MAXVALUE NO MINVALUE CACHE 1; Use it in a table CREATE TABLE t ( Relations, attributes, types, procedures, and so on have separate name spaces which makes it possible to use the same name in e.g a table, one of its columns, a type without problems.

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 23 / 24

slide-109
SLIDE 109

PostgreSQL and others

PostgreSQL is free for download and use and is very popular among Linux and UNIX users. PostgreSQL exist for most platforms and can be downloaded from www.postgresql.org/download/ DB2 is found on www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/express/download.html Informix, nowaday purchased by IBM, is the most elegant www.ibm.com/software/data/informix/ids-express/ Oracle is found on www.oracle.com and Sybase on www.sybase.com/downloads

DD2471 (Lecture 07) Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 24 / 24

slide-110
SLIDE 110

PostgreSQL and others

PostgreSQL is free for download and use and is very popular among Linux and UNIX users. PostgreSQL exist for most platforms and can be downloaded from www.postgresql.org/download/ DB2 is found on www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/express/download.html Informix, nowaday purchased by IBM, is the most elegant www.ibm.com/software/data/informix/ids-express/ Oracle is found on www.oracle.com and Sybase on www.sybase.com/downloads They may all be downloaded and used without fees as long as you don’t do anything commersial

  • DD2471 (Lecture 07)

Modern database systems & their applications Spring 2012 24 / 24