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Modern Display Technology - Rendering Challenges - Guest Lecturer: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 15, 2024 348 likes •1.03k views

Modern Display Technology - Rendering Challenges - Guest Lecturer: Hyeonseung Yu Philipp Slusallek Karol Myszkowski Gurprit Singh Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 Modern Display Technologies Karol Myszkowski Outline Binocular 3D

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Modern Display Technology

  • Rendering Challenges -

Guest Lecturer: Hyeonseung Yu Philipp Slusallek Karol Myszkowski Gurprit Singh

Karol Myszkowski

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Outline

  • Binocular 3D displays

– Color Anaglyph – Polarization – Active Shutter Glasses – Head-Mounted Displays

  • Autostereoscopic (Glass-free 3D) Displays

– Parallax Barriers – Integral Imaging – Multi-layer displays – Holographic displays

  • Head-Mounted Displays with accommodation cues
  • Multi-projector displays
  • HDR displays
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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Binocular Stereovision

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Binocular 3D Displays

  • Capable of providing sense of 3D by simulating

binocular disparity

– Color Anaglyphs – Polarization – Shutter Glasses – Head-Mounted Displays

  • They mostly do not provide accommodation depth cue
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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Color Anaglyphs

  • Left and right images are filtered using different colors (usually

complementary):

– Red – Green, Red – Cyan, Green – Magenta – Amber – Blue (ColorCode 3D, patented [Sorensen et al. 2004])

  • Limited color perception (since each eye sees only a subset of whole

colorspace)

Images adapted from http://axon.physik.uni-bremen.de/research/stereo/color_anaglyph/

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Polarization

  • Usually a wire grid filter converts the unpolarized light beam to a

polarized one

Projector Polarizing Filter Screen (preserving polarization) Glasses with polarizing filters

Images adapted from https://cpinettes.u-cergy.fr/S6-Electromag_files/fig1.pdf

Unpolarized light source Wire grid filter

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Shutter Glasses

  • Exploits the “memory effect” of the Human Visual System [Coltheart

1980]

  • Glasses have shutters which operate in synchronization with the display

system

  • Left and right eye images are shown in alternation
  • Color neutral; however, temporal resolution is reduced

IR receiver for synchronization

Images adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Head-Mounted Displays

  • Separate displays for the left and right eye
  • May provide current orientation of the head (and update the

stimuli accordingly to provide a VR)

Images adapted from http://www.oculus.com

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Autostereoscopic Displays

  • Stereo displays which are viewable without special glasses or

head-wear equipment

  • Simulate an approximate lightfield with a finite number of views

– Parallax Barriers – Integral Imaging – Multi-layer Displays

Image adapted from Geng, Jason. "Three-dimensional display technologies." Advances in optics and photonics 5.4 (2013): 456-535.

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Parallax Barriers

  • Occlusion-based working principle and key features

[Ives 1903]:

Reduced resolution and brightness

There is an “optimal” distance for observation

If this aperture is too small, diffraction effects are introduced. This is a problem for high- resolution displays.

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Parallax Barriers

Video adapted from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxF9PGRiabw “Glasses-Free 3D Gaming for $5 (Parallax Barrier)”

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Parallax Barriers

Video adapted from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxF9PGRiabw “Glasses-Free 3D Gaming for $5 (Parallax Barrier)”

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Parallax Barriers

  • It is possible to switch between 2D and 3D modes
  • Parallax barrier of Nintendo 3DS turning on/off under microscope:

Video adapted from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-LzRT7Bvc0

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Integral Imaging

  • Refraction-based working principle [Lippmann 1908]:

Images adapted from http://www.3d-forums.com/threads/autostereoscopic-displays.1/

It is possible to reproduce parallax, perspective shift and accommodation depth cues. Reduction in resolution and brightness is still a problem.

There is an “optimal” distance for viewing

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Integral Imaging

3D Scene

Array of lenses (multiple cameras each with a single lens [Wilburn 2005] or a single camera with multiple lenses in front of the sensor [Ng 2005])

Elemental Images

Images adapted from Martınez-Corral, Manuel, et al. "3D integral imaging monitors with fully programmable display parameters."

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Integral Imaging

Images adapted from Martınez-Corral, Manuel, et al. "3D integral imaging monitors with fully programmable display parameters."

Integral Image as seen by the observer

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

  • Smooth transitions

Multi-view Autostereoscopic Display

Multi-view autostereoscopic display

View 1 View 2 View 3 View 4 „Antialiasing for automultiscopic 3D displays” [Zwicker et al. 2006]

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

  • Smooth transitions
  • Blur increases with depth

Multi-view autostereoscopic display

View 1 View 2 View 3 View 4

Weaker depth percept

„Antialiasing for automultiscopic 3D displays” [Zwicker et al. 2006]

Multi-view Autostereoscopic Display

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Multi-layer Displays

  • Improved resolution over parallax barriers and lenslet arrays
  • Provides a solution to accommodation-vergence conflict

Images adapted from Wetzstein, Gordon, et al. "Layered 3D: tomographic image synthesis for attenuation-based light field and high dynamic range displays." ACM Transactions on Graphics (ToG). Vol. 30. No. 4. ACM, 2011.

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Tensor Displays

  • Lightfield emitted by a multi-layer display is represented by a tensor where rays

span a 2D plane in 3D tensor space

  • Target lightfield is decomposed into Rank-1 tensors using Nonnegative Tensor

Factorization

  • Rank-1 tensors are shown in quick succession with a high refresh rate, which are

perceptually averaged over time by the Human Visual System

Video adapted from Wetzstein, Gordon, et al. "Tensor displays: compressive light field synthesis using multilayer displays with directional backlighting." (2012).

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Rendering images in Tensor Displays

𝑨𝑀 𝑤(𝑨𝑀) Back virtual plane Front virtual plane Target Light-fields: 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣1 = 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣2 = 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣3 = 𝑆 Optimization equation : 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣1 = 𝑦3 × 𝑧1 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣2 = 𝑦2 × 𝑧2 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣3 = 𝑦1 × 𝑧3

𝑤 x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3

𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3

Huang et al. (Siggraph 2015) Moon et al. (IEEE JSTSP 2017)

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Lightfield Displays

2 2

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Holographic displays

Does this situation make any sense?

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Observing the light

Laser See nothing….

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Observing the light

Laser Oh I see the light!

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3D displays using scatteres

  • Phys. Today 66(4), 36 (2013)

Yagi et al., SIGGRAPH Asia 2011, Emerging Technologies

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Holographic display

What is the meaning of “focusing the light”?

Holographic display : generating 3D images in the air without any scatterer

Holographic display

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Focusing == interference

http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys136

Focusing = constructive interference of multiple pixels (but it requires coherent light sources such as laser)

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Viewing angle of displays

Let’s replace the LED backlight of LCD displays with the laser light. Then, can we generate the hologram? Yes, but….

A pixel should be able to deflect the light by 𝛾 degrees Holographic display 𝛽 𝛾 𝛾

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Smaller pixel size == Large diffraction angle

http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Wave%20properties/text/Diffraction_/index.html

LCD monitor LCoS Spatial light modulator Ideal pixel size 200 𝜈𝑛 16 𝜈𝑛 1 𝜈𝑛 0.1° 2° 30° Pixel size Viewing angle

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Ultimate 3D display: Holographic display

Ideal holographic monitor Pixel size : 1 𝜈𝑛 Screen size : 30 cm x 30 cm Resolution : 300000 x 300000 Viewing angle : 30 ° Image size : 30 cm x 30 cm Current holographic monitor Pixel size : 16 𝜈𝑛 Screen size : 1 cm x 1 cm Resolution : 1024 x 768 Viewing angle : 2 ° Image size : 1 cm x 1 cm

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Rendering holograms

A Fresnel zone plate pattern generate a focus spot. The target 3D image is first decomposed into a point cloud, and the point cloud is rendered with the combination of multiple zone plate patterns. Target image Displayed image

https://corticalcafe.com/software_onlineCGHinstructions.htm

Viewing angle : 2 ° Image size : 1 cm x 1 cm

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Displays Comparison

3 3

2D Display Stereoscopic Display Autostereoscopic Display Light field Display Pictorial Cues Disparity Motion Parallax Accommodation Head-mounted Display Glasses-free Holographic Display

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Outline

  • Binocular 3D displays

– Color Anaglyph – Polarization – Active Shutter Glasses – Head-Mounted Displays

  • Autostereoscopic (Glass-free 3D) Displays

– Parallax Barriers – Integral Imaging – Multi-layer displays – Holographic displays

  • Head-Mounted Displays with accommodation cues
  • Multi-projector displays
  • HDR displays
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Accomodation-Vergence Conflict

Visuals adapted from Akeley, Kurt, et al. "A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances." ACM transactions on graphics (TOG). Vol. 23. No. 3. ACM,

  • 2004. and Narain, Rahul, et al. "Optimal presentation of imagery with focus cues on multi-plane displays." ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 34.4 (2015): 59.
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How to change accommodation? : (1) the display position

Display

f f

Virtual Image Accommodation depth Display

f f

Virtual Image Accommodation depth

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How to change accommodation? : (2) the lens focal length

Display

f f

Virtual Image Accommodation depth Display

f f

Virtual Image Accommodation depth

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HMD with accommodation cues

  • Varifocal display
  • Multi-focal displays
  • Light field displays
  • Holographic displays
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Varifocal display: Deformable Beamsplitter

See-through Dynamic focal depth: objects at any depth Wide field of view Optics are simple

Membrane AR – Dunn et al.

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Realistic Image Synthesis SS18 – Modern Display Technologies

Membrane AR – Dunn et al.

Varifocal display: Deformable Beamsplitter

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Membrane AR – Dunn et al.

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Accommodation Response

  • Step change of fixated object depth

– Smooth and steady accommodation increase

  • up to 1 second to achieve the full accommodation state
  • ~300 ms latency

Bharadwaj and Schor, Vision Research 2004

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Rendering Chromatic Eye Aberration

Short wavelengths (blue) are refracted more than long (red). Medium wavelengths are generally in best focus for broadband lights.

CHOLEWIAK ET AL, 2017. ChromaBlur: Rendering Chromatic Eye Aberration Improves Accommodation and Realism in HMDs. Siggraph

Rendering chromatic blur can provide accommodation effect (but not fully) and improve the realism

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Multi-focal Plane Displays

  • A display prototype with multiple focal distances using

beam-splitters

Images adapted from Akeley, Kurt, et al. "A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances." ACM transactions on graphics (TOG).

  • Vol. 23. No. 3. ACM, 2004.
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Multi-focal Plane Displays

Prototype introduced by Love et al [2009]

Images adapted from Narain, Rahul, et al. "Optimal presentation of imagery with focus cues on multi-plane displays." ACM Transactions

  • n Graphics (TOG) 34.4 (2015): 59.

Narain et al. [2015] optimize the focus cues for improved realism. Halo artifacts

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Light-field Displays

LANMAN, D.

AND LUEBKE, D. 2013. Near-eye light field

  • displays. ACM Transactions on Graphics 32, 6, 1–10.
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Requirement for supporting accommodation

High angular resolution or dense light fields: Accommodation Lightfield Display Towards each eye, multiple different images are projected: proper accommodation cues are generated. Front focus Back focus

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Requirement for supporting accommodation

Single ray is not enough (depth ambiguity) Mathematically, minimum two rays should be projected inside the pupil In practice, 3 rays for 1-D 3 x 3 rays for 2-D

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Holographic Displays

Maimone et al., Siggraph (2017)

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HMD with accommodation cues

  • Varifocal display
  • Multi-focal displays
  • Light field displays
  • Holographic displays
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Rendering for multi plane displays (1) linear Blending Rule

Akeley et al, Siggraph (2004) MacKenzie et al, JOV(2010)

Back virtual plane Front virtual plane

Front focus Back focus Front Back

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Rendering for multi plane displays (1) linear Blending Rule

Front focus Back focus

Akeley et al, Siggraph (2004) MacKenzie et al, JOV(2010)

𝐽𝑜 𝐽

𝑔

𝐸

𝑔

𝐸𝑜

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Rendering for multi plane displays (2) Retinal Optimization

Narain et al (Siggraph 2015) Mercier et al (Siggraph Asia 2017

A focal stack

Back virtual plane Front virtual plane

Optimization objective

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Rendering for multi plane displays (2) Retinal Optimization

1.4 D 2.0 D

Far virtual plane Near virtual plane

Far plane Eye focus

Target 3D scene

Near plane Perceived images

𝑆𝐺 𝑆𝑂 𝐽𝐺 𝐽𝐺 + 𝐽𝑂 ∗ 𝐶𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑂𝐺 𝐽𝑂 + 𝐽𝐺 ∗ 𝐶𝑚𝑣𝑠𝐺𝑂 = 𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝑂 ? ? 𝐽𝑂

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Rendering for multi plane displays (3) Light field synthesis

Huang et al. (Siggraph2015) Moon et al. (IEEE JSTSP 2017)

Light field

Back virtual plane Front virtual plane Viewpoint

Optimization objective

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Rendering for multi plane displays (3) Light field synthesis

𝑨𝑀 𝑤(𝑨𝑀) Back virtual plane Front virtual plane

Target Light-fields: 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣1 = 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣2 = 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣3 = 𝑆 Optimization equation : 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣1 = 𝑦3 + 𝑧1 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣2 = 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 𝑀 𝑤, 𝑣3 = 𝑦1 + 𝑧3

𝑤 x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3

𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3

Huang et al. (Siggraph 2015) Moon et al. (IEEE JSTSP 2017)

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Comparison

Initial input Optimization Algorithm Occlusion & Non-Lambertian surfaces Linear Blending [1] Single image + depth map Fast Incorrect Retinal Optimization [2,3] Focal stack Slow Correct Light-field synthesis [4] Light field Slow Correct Ours Sparse light field Fast Correct

[1] Akeley et al, Siggraph (2014) [2] Narain et al (Siggraph 2015) [3] Mercier et al, Siggraph Asia (2017) [4] Moon et al, IEEE JSTSP (2017)

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Hybrid optimization

Mask Decomposed images Single view Depth map Gaze direction Derived model Rendering sparse light field

Yu et al, “A Perception-driven Hybrid Decomposition for Multi-layer Accommodative Displays” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2019)

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Deep learning solution for various displays

XIAO ET AL, 2018. DeepFocus : Learned Image Synthesis for Accommodation-Supporting Displays. Siggraph Asia

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Outline

  • Binocular 3D displays

– Color Anaglyph – Polarization – Active Shutter Glasses – Head-Mounted Displays

  • Autostereoscopic (Glass-free 3D) Displays

– Parallax Barriers – Integral Imaging – Multi-layer displays – Holographic displays

  • Head-Mounted Displays with accommodation cues
  • Multi-projector displays
  • HDR displays
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Multi-projector Displays

  • Mainly used to provide a wide panoramic display
  • Edge blending, color/contrast/brightness matching between
  • verlapping regions is an issue (the transition must be seamless)
  • The display surface may be curved

Images adapted from http://www.matrox.com

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Multi-projector Displays

Video adapted from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOY2lREuwjU

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HDR Displays

  • Instead of using a single constant backlight source, an

array of LEDs is used

  • The LEDs may be individually adjusted for different

brightness levels

Images adapted from http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/2005/10/04/brightside_hdr_edr/6

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HDR Displays

  • Comparison of LDR display (left) with Brightside HDR

display (right)

Images adapted from http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/2005/10/04/brightside_hdr_edr/8

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HDR Displays

  • Comparison of LDR display (left) with Brightside HDR

display (right)

Images adapted from http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/2005/10/04/brightside_hdr_edr/8

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HDR Displays

  • Comparison of LDR display (left) with Brightside HDR

display (right)

Images adapted from http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/2005/10/04/brightside_hdr_edr/8

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References

  • Geng, Jason. "Three-dimensional display technologies." Advances in optics and photonics 5.4 (2013): 456-535.
  • Ives, Frederic E. "Parallax stereogram and process of making same." U.S. Patent No. 725,567. 14 Apr. 1903.
  • Lippmann, Gabriel. "Epreuves reversibles donnant la sensation du relief." J. Phys. Theor. Appl. 7.1 (1908): 821-825.
  • Wilburn, Bennett, et al. "High performance imaging using large camera arrays." ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG). Vol. 24. No. 3.

ACM, 2005.

  • Ng, Ren, et al. "Light field photography with a hand-held plenoptic camera." Computer Science Technical Report CSTR 2.11 (2005):

1-11.

  • Coltheart, M. "The persistences of vision." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

290.1038 (1980): 57-69.

  • Akeley, Kurt, et al. "A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances." ACM transactions on graphics (TOG). Vol. 23. No. 3.

ACM, 2004.

  • Sorensen, Svend Erik Borre, Per Skafte Hansen, and Nils Lykke Sorensen. "Method for recording and viewing stereoscopic images

in color using multichrome filters." U.S. Patent No. 6,687,003. 3 Feb. 2004.

  • Love, Gordon D., et al. "High-speed switchable lens enables the development of a volumetric stereoscopic display." Optics express

17.18 (2009): 15716-15725.

  • Wetzstein, Gordon, et al. "Layered 3D: tomographic image synthesis for attenuation-based light field and high dynamic range

displays." ACM Transactions on Graphics (ToG). Vol. 30. No. 4. ACM, 2011.

  • Wetzstein, Gordon, et al. "Tensor displays: compressive light field synthesis using multilayer displays with directional backlighting."

(2012).

  • Narain, Rahul, et al. "Optimal presentation of imagery with focus cues on multi-plane displays." ACM Transactions on Graphics

(TOG) 34.4 (2015): 59.

  • Maimone, Andrew, et al. “Holographic near-eye displays for virtual and augmented reality”. ACM Transactions on Graphics 36, 4

(2017),

  • Xiao et al, “DeepFocus : Learned Image Synthesis for Accommodation-Supporting Displays”. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)

(2018)

  • Lanman, D. and Luebke, “Near-eye light field displays”. ACM Transactions on Graphics 32, 6, 1–10. (2013)
  • Cholewiak et al, “ChromaBlur: Rendering Chromatic Eye Aberration Improves Accommodation and Realism in HMDs”. ACM

Transactions on Graphics, (2017)

  • Yu et al, “A Perception-driven Hybrid Decomposition for Multi-layer Accommodative Displays” IEEE Transactions on Visualization

and Computer Graphics (2019)

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Acknowledgements

  • I would like to thank Okan Tursun for help in preparing

those slides.

Karol Myszkowski