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D R I V E N B Y V A L U E Min ining ing Webinar inar Seri ries es: : Succ ccessf ssful ul Im Imple leme ment ntati ation on of of Bio iolo logi gically cally-Based ased Pas assi sive Reme mediat diation

slide-1
SLIDE 1

fcx.com

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

Min ining ing Webinar inar Seri ries es: : Succ ccessf ssful ul Im Imple leme ment ntati ation

  • n of
  • f

Bio iolo logi gically cally-Based ased Pas assi sive Reme mediat diation ion Syst stem ems

May 1, 2018

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SLIDE 2

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

2

Fr Freep epor

  • rt-McMo

McMoRan Ran Inc

  • Inc. (FC

FCX) X) is is a premier premier U.S.-bas based ed natur natural res resourc

  • urces

es company

  • mpany wi

with an an industr industry-leading leading gl globa bal por portf tfoli

  • lio of
  • f mine

mineral ral as asse sets

  • ts. FC

FCX is is th the wor world's ld's lar large gest st pu publi blicl cly tr trad aded ed co copp pper pr produc

  • ducer. FCX'

FCX's por portf tfoli

  • lio of
  • f

as asset ets inc includ ludes es th the Grasb rasberg miner minerals ls dist distric rict in in Ind ndon

  • nesia,

esia, one

  • ne of
  • f the

the world

  • rld's lar

larges gest copp copper er and and gold ld deposit deposits; significant significant mining mining ope

  • perat

rations

  • ns

in in the the Ame Ameri rica cas, s, inclu includin ding th the la larg rge-sca scale Moren

  • renci

ci miner minerals ls district district in in North America ca and the Cerro Verde operatio ion in in South America ca. Our Our gl globa bal wor

  • rkf

kforce,

  • rce, compri
  • mprised

sed of

  • f empl

employe

  • yees and

and co cont ntra ractor ctors, s, inc include ludes app approxima

  • ximatel

ely 53 53,000 000 mem ember

  • ers. FC

FCX has has a st strong

  • ng

commitm

  • mmitment

ent to to saf safet ety per erfor

  • rman

mance ce, env envir ironm

  • nment

ental manag managem ement ent and and to to th the loc

  • cal commu
  • mmunit

nitie ies wh where ere it it op

  • per

erat ates

  • es. FC

FCX is is a fou

  • unding

nding mem member er of

  • f

th the Int Inter ernatio national nal Council

  • uncil on
  • n Mining

Mining and nd Met etal als (I (ICMM) M) and and co committed mmitted to to impleme ment ntatio ation of

  • f the ICMM Sustainab

ainable Development ent Frame mewo work rk.

Who is Fre reepo port-Mc McMoRan MoRan Inc.? .?

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SLIDE 3

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

3

Deliv iver ers s value across s the portfoli tfolio

  • by:

A.

  • A. Identif

ntifying, ying, developin

  • ping

g and deploy

  • ying

ing technology

  • logy to more

e effectiv ctively ely and efficien ently tly manage ge liabilities ilities B.

  • B. Developing

loping and deployin ying g experience erience and expertise rtise to: a.

  • a. reduce

uce reclamation mation and closure re costs b.

  • b. reduce

uce closure re risk C.

  • C. Developing

loping residu dual al resource

  • urce projects

ects and products cts to reduce uce holding ng costs s and nd exten end sus ustaina tainabili bility ty of facilitie ities D.

  • D. Increasing

easing project ect deployment yment velocit ity in accordan ance ce with h market rket conditi tions

  • ns and changin

ing g regulations ulations E.

  • E. Prov
  • vidi

iding ng data necessary sary for obtaining ining agency and public ic accepta tance nce of innovat ative ive programs rams

Envir ironme nmental ntal Technology gy and d Life fe Cycle le Tra ransf nsformatio rmation

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SLIDE 4

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

4

Envir ironme nmental ntal Technology gy & Life fe Cycle Analys ysis is Team

Water Treatment

Active water treatment Liability management

Source Control

Liability prevention

Migration Control

Liability management Passive Bioremediation

Residual Resources

Monetizing residual assets Generating offset costs

Life Cycles Analysis

Implement advances in technology Minimize and manage future liabilities Develop sustainable practices

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SLIDE 5

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

5

  • Wh

What cons nstitu titutes tes a bi biologically

  • gically-bas

based ed passive ive bioremediat remediation n system? tem?

  • Factor
  • rs

s affecti ting g successful ssful implem ement ntat ation ion

  • Design

ign criteri eria (opport

  • rtunity

unity for success) ss)

  • Short

rt br break k + q que uestions tions

  • Test

st cases

  • Laborat
  • ratory
  • ry treat

atabilit ability y testi ting ng

  • On

On-site site pilot

  • t-sc

scale ale treat atability ability test stin ing

  • Successfu

essful l implemen lementa tation tion

  • Quest

stions ions / Discussio ssion

What is ahead? d?

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SLIDE 6

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

6

What is a Biologically gically-Bas Based d Pas Passiv ive Biore remedi diation ation System?

Enhanc nces es natura ural proce cess sses es physic sical al, , chemica cal, and biologica gical Sulfate-Redu duci cing ng Biore react ctor

  • rs

Constr struct cted d Wet etlands nds Biologic gical ally-based sed passiv sive wat water treatme tment nt strat rategies gies Rock Reactors Reacti tive “Barriers”

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SLIDE 7

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

7

  • BCR

– BioChem Chemic ical al Reactor tor

  • BOD

OD – Biochem chemical cal Ox Oxygen gen Demand nd

  • EB

EBCT – Em Empty y Bed Contact tact Time

  • FWS

S – Free ee Water er Sur urface ce Wetla land nd

  • SRBR

– Sul ulfate te-Red Reduc ucing ing BioReac eacto tor

  • HRT

HRT – Hydra rauli ulic c Retention ention Time

  • NOS

– Natura ural l Organic c Sub ubstrate trate

  • MeLR

LR – Metal Loading ding Rate

  • MeRR

– Metal Removal

  • val Rate
  • SLR

– Sul ulfate te Loading ding Rate

  • SRB

– Sul ulfate te-Red Reduc ucing ing Bacter eria ia

  • SRR

– Sul ulfate te Removal

  • val Rate
  • VFW

FW – Verti tical al Flow w Wetla land nd

Ac Acronyms yms Used

slide-8
SLIDE 8

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

Ac Acti tive vs. Pas Passiv ive Sulfat ate-Reducing ducing Biochemical mical Reactor

  • rs (SRBR)

8

Active SRBR Passive SRBR Reactor type Microbial growth Electron donor Tank (stirred) reactor Membrane reactor Submerged packed bed reactor Suspended or attached growth Liquid or gas phase Packed reactor Attached growth (media = substrate) Solid phase Slowly degradable liquid

Sulfate reduction rate (SRR) & Metal removal rate (MeRR) Active treatment >> Passive treatment

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SLIDE 9

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

9

  • Pr

Pre-tre treat atmen ment t al alkal alin init ity y rea eactor

  • r
  • Alkalinit

alinity y source e (limest imestone

  • ne)
  • Raise

se pH to precipitate pitate Al and Fe decreasi asing ng acidity ty loadin ding

  • Sulfa

fate te-re reduci ducing g bio ioche hemica mical l rea eactor

  • r (SRBR)
  • Elect

ectron

  • n source

ce (organic anic subst strat rate) e)

  • Sul

ulfate fate (elect ectron n acceptor

  • r)

) to Sul ulfid ide e ions ns

  • Target

gets s metal al precipitati pitation

  • n as metal

l sulfides ides

  • Alkalinit

alinity y source e (limest imestone

  • ne and sulfat

ate e reducti tion)

  • n)
  • Achiev

eve e circumneu mneutral tral pH

Pri rimar mary y Com

  • mpo

pone nent nts s of

  • f

Biologically gically-Bas Based d Pas Passiv ive Biore remedi diation ation System

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SLIDE 10

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

10 10

  • Construc

ructe ted d wet etland d or aqueo eous s po polis ishin ing g cel ell (APC)

  • Seque

uest strat ation ion (plant nt roots ts, , stems, ms, and leaves) s)

  • Preci

ecipitati pitation

  • n (oxid

ides es, , oxyhydrox droxid ides es, , carbonat ates es)

  • Sorpt

rption ion (mine neral ral and biologic

  • gical)

al)

  • Sediment

imentat ation ion

  • Filtrat

ltration

  • Increase

ease alkalinity linity

  • Increase

ease dissolved

  • lved oxygen

en

  • Reduce

ced d BOD

Pri rimar mary y Com

  • mpo

pone nent nts s of

  • f

Biologically gically-Bas Based d Pas Passiv ive Biore remedi diation ation System

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SLIDE 11

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

11 11

  • Fl

Flow Rate

  • Low flow rates

es (1 to 50 gpm) most st favorable ble

  • Hydra

draulic ulic retenti ntion n time e (HRT) RT)

  • Reactio

tion n rates es

  • Treatmen

atment t criter eria ia

  • Longevi

gevity ty

  • Mas

ass Load adin ing

  • Sulfat

fate e – criti tical al to successful ssful SRBR applic icat ation

  • Metals

als – acidic c metals ls (Al, Fe); ; metal l sulfides ides (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, b, Ni Ni, Co); ; oxidized dized metall lloids

  • ids (Mn)

n)

  • Potentia

tential l toxins ins (DO, , H2S, , antiba bacteri cterial l materi erials) als)

Biologically gically-Bas Based d Pas Passiv ive Biore remedi diation ation System Design gn Cri riteria ria

slide-12
SLIDE 12

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

12 12

  • Water

er qualit ity y objecti tives es

  • Site

te conditi tions

  • ns and topogr

graphy phy

  • Available

lable inf nfrastr struc ucture ture

  • Higher

gher flow rates es provide de less s contact t time me for the same me sized ed sulfat ate-reducin reducing g biore reactor actor

  • Incomplete

mplete reacti tions

  • ns
  • Wa

Wash out ut (ba bacteria; teria; fine ne sul ulfide ide precipitates) pitates)

  • Potentia

tential l toxins ins (dissolve ssolved d oxygen en, , excess ss H2S, , antibac ibacter terial ial materials erials used in subst strat rate) e)

Biologic gically ally-Bas Based d Pas Passiv ive Biore remedi diation ation System Design gn and d Ope pera rational nal Conside dera rati tions ns

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SLIDE 13

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

13 13

Sulfat ate-Reducing ducing Biochemical mical Reactor

  • SRBR

BR reduces es sulfat ate e to aqueous us hydrogen gen sulfide ide

  • Metal

al (Fe, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn) sulfides des precip ipitate itate and are remov moved ed from m the aqueous s phase

  • Adds alkalinity

linity and increases eases pH (circ rcumn umneu eutral) tral)

ITRC, 2013

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SLIDE 14

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

14 14

  • Sulfat

fate e loadin ing g rate e (SLR) R)

  • Sulfat

fate e remov

  • val

al

  • Sul

ulfat ate e reduc ucti tion

  • n to sul

ulfide de SO SO4

2- +

+ 2CH2O + 2H+ → H2S + 2H2O + 2CO2

e- acceptor

r e- donor (natura ral l organic substr trate te) ) reacti tive e sulfi fide de product uct

  • Sul

ulfat ate e remova moval l rate (SRR) ) is calcul ulate ted d us using Size e of SRBR requ quired red is deter termined mined based ed on the SLR and SRR

SRBR R Design Cri riteria ria the B Basics ics Sulfat ate Lo Loadi ding ng / Removal

mass of bioreactor substrate

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SLIDE 15

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

15 15

  • Metal

al loading ng rate e (MeLR)

  • Cati

tionic

  • nic metal

al removal al

  • Metal

al sul ulfide de precipit itati tion

  • n

M2+

2+ +

+ H2S → MS + 2H+

(reacti

ctive e sulfide) ide)

  • Metal

al remova moval l rate (MeRR) ) is calcul ulate ted d us using Size e of SRBR requ quired red is deter termined mined based ed on the MeLR and MeRR

SRBR R Design Cri riteria ria the B Basics ics Met etal al Lo Loadi ding ng / Removal

mass of bioreactor substrate

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SLIDE 16

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

16 16

Construc ructed d Wet etlands ds for for MIW Remedi diati tion

  • n
  • Emphasiz

asize specific fic wetland nd qualities ities for improved ved treatment nt

  • Used in conjunct

nctio ion n with h other treatment nt technologie gies

  • Free water surface

ce and vertical al flow wetlands ds preferred

  • Targ

rgets s biochemical mical oxygen demand d (BOD OD) and manganes anese

From limnos.si

slide-17
SLIDE 17

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

17 17

  • Loadin

ding g Rates es

  • Flow

w Rates

  • Hydrology

drology and hydraulics ulics are critical ical

  • Low to moderate

rate flow rates s are most t favorable able

  • Metal

al Removal al (phys ysical ical, , biologi logical, cal, and chemica ical l removal val proces esse ses) s)

  • Sediment

imentat ation ion

  • Sorpt

rption ion (mine neral ral and biologic

  • gical)

al)

  • Preci

ecipitati pitation

  • n (oxid

idation, ation, reduction) ction)

  • Filtrat

ltration

  • Seque

uestr stration ation by by plant nts s (roots

  • ts,

, stems, ms, and nd leaves) s)

Construc ructed d Wet etland d Design n Cri riteria ria Basics ics

slide-18
SLIDE 18

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

18 18

  • Biochemi

hemical al oxygen en demand nd (BOD) D)

  • BOD remov
  • val

al must t be accounted ted for when sizin zing g wetla lands nds that at emphasize size oxidat ation

  • Daily

ly Mass Loading ing Sizing ing Method

  • Loadin

ding g rate e method

  • d

Daily ly mass loading ing Size ze of wetland nd

where the daily loading ng rate (DLR) for BOD = 60 - 100 Kg/ha/day

EPA (1998) recommends loading rate = 54 lbs BOD/acre/day, which results in discharge typically <30 mg/L (Iowa DNR 2007)

Construc ructed d Wet etland d Design n – Sizing g ba based d on BOD

slide-19
SLIDE 19

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

19 19

  • Construc

ructed d Wet etland d Design n – Sizing g ba based d on BOD

slide-20
SLIDE 20

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

20 20

Once BOD has been remov

  • ved

ed then one can account for biologic logically ally-mediat mediated ed oxidat ation n of Mn when sizing ing wetlan ands ds Da Daily ly mass loading ing sizing ing method

  • d

Loadin ding g rate e method

  • d

Daily ly mass loading ing Size ze of wetland nd

where the daily loading ng rate (DLR) for Mn = 1 1,000 0 – 2,000 mg/m2/day

Construc ructed d Wet etland d Design n – Sizing g ba based d on Mn

slide-21
SLIDE 21

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

21 21

  • Construc

ructed d Wet etland d Design n – Sizing g ba based d on Mn

slide-22
SLIDE 22

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

22 22

  • Data req

equir irem emen ents ts

  • Flow

w rates s (varia riabili bility, ty, season

  • nali

lity) ty)

  • Water

er chemist istry (sulfate lfate & m metal al loading; ing; anions) s)

  • Site

te attribu ributes tes (topography pography, , available able area, , etc.)

  • Substrate

strate / plant availa labili bility ty

  • Disch

charge arge requirem iremen ents ts

  • Finan

ancial cial and infrastru structure cture constrai traints nts

  • Init

itia ial de desig ign c crit iter eria ia calcula ulati tions

  • ns
  • Sul

ulfate fate loadin ing/ g/removal removal rates

  • Metal

al loading ng/r /remov emoval al rates es

  • Oxygen

gen loading ng rate e (low metal al loading ngs) s)

Biologically gically-Bas Based d Pas Passiv ive Biore remedi diation ation System Design gn Cri riteria ria

slide-23
SLIDE 23

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

23 23

Bre reak k (Questions ions and d Answer wers) s)

slide-24
SLIDE 24

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

24 24

Laboratory / Bench-Scale

Select cted d Case St Studi dies – Tre reatabili ability ty Testing ng Montana, Little Belt Mountains, USA

  • Historical MIW
  • Seepage water management
slide-25
SLIDE 25

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

25 25

  • Limest

mestone

  • ne reactor
  • r
  • 42” tall x 8” diameter
  • SRBR

BRs

  • 12 columns (46” tall)
  • With

h limest stone

  • ne pre-

treat atme ment nt (4”diameter)

  • Witho

hout ut limest ston

  • ne

pre pre-treatment (4” or 8”diameter)

  • VFWs

FWs

  • 4 tanks (24” x 24”

and substrate 16” deep eep)

Montana tana Tre reatabili ability ty St Study dy (US EPA)

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SLIDE 26

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

26 26

Montana tana Tre reatabili ability ty St Study dy (US EPA) Initial ial Fl Flow Ra w Rate Calculations ulations

Method Optimal Flow Rate Criteria

Metal Reduction (1) 1.5 L/day remove target metals, except Mn Sulfate reduction (2) 0.9 L/day neutralize metal acidity Oxygen loading (3) 4.0 L/day maintain anaerobic condition

slide-27
SLIDE 27

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

27 27

Mon

  • ntana

tana Tre reatabili ability ty St Study dy (U (US EPA) Labo bora rator

  • ry

y SRBR Data

Without Limestone Pre-Treatment With Limestone Pre-Treatment

slide-28
SLIDE 28

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

28 28

Montana tana Tre reatabili ability ty St Study dy (US EPA) La Labo bora rator

  • ry

y SRBR Data

Without Limestone Pre-Treatment With Limestone Pre-Treatment

slide-29
SLIDE 29

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

29 29

  • Colla

llaborat borativ ive e planning ing is key to success ss

  • Flushing

shing of organic nics s during ng initi tial al low flow test t phase led to analyti ytical al challen enges ges

  • Ini

nitial tial ino noculat ulation n phase of SRBR R may no not have be been n required uired – recommend mmend beginn nnin ing g with low flow

  • SRR

R achieved d thus far = 0 0.5 mmol/K l/Kg-day day

  • MeRR achieved

d thus far = 0 0.5 to 0.8 mmol/K l/Kg-day day

Montana tana Tre reatabili ability ty St Study dy (US EPA) Obs bservatio ations ns

slide-30
SLIDE 30

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

30 30

On-site pilot-scale treatability testing for full-scale design

Select cted d Case St Studi dies – Tre reatabili ability ty Testing ng Tyrone, NM, USA

  • Operational mine
  • Reclaimed leaching facility
  • Pre-closure MIW treatability

MIW – high TDS waters (18,000 mg/L) with MIW metals (Al 850, Fe 67, Cu 970, Zn 340, and Mn 500 mg/L) and sulfate (16,000 mg/L) 400 day pilot-scale on-site treatability study

slide-31
SLIDE 31

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

31 31

Tyrone ne Mine Tre reatabi tability lity St Study dy

  • Evaluated 2 pre-treatment strategies
  • plus 2 SRBR substrate compositions
  • 6 paired - 90 gallon SRBRs operated in

down flow configuration

  • Evaluated treatment effectiveness for paired

vertical flow wetlands (VFW) to reduce Mn and BOD following the primary treatment SRBRs.

  • Area of VFW = 0.62 m2 with 40 cm deep

substrate

  • 3 native species: Schoenoplectus olneyi, S.

acutus, Typha domingensis

slide-32
SLIDE 32

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

32 32

Tyrone ne Mine Tre reatabi tability lity St Study dy - SRBR

Operational flowrates for each of the SRBRs. Shaded area represents the time period of operations at optimal metal removal rate.

slide-33
SLIDE 33

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

33 33

Tyrone ne Mine Tre reatabi tability lity St Study dy – SRBR

Flow rate HRT Al (%) Fe (%) Cu (%) Mn (%) Zn (%) Sulfate (%) SRBR-11 2 L/d 80 d 99.3 100 100 68 100 72 SRBR-21 2 L/d 80 d 98.8 96 100 19 100 68 SRBR-32 9 L/d 16 d 80.0 – 100 26 100 18 SRBR-42 9 L/d 17 d 79.3 – 100 34 100 30 SRBR-53 6 L/d 24 d 73.2 – 100 10 99 27 SRBR-63 6 L/d 26 d 54.7 – 100 100 28

Metals and sulfate %removal at optimal flowrate for each treatment strategy. Sulfate-16,000, Al-850, Fe-67, Cu-970, Zn-340, and Mn-500 mg/L.

Percent Removal = ((Concentration In – Concentration Out) / Concentration In) x 100 1) Primary treatment SRBR without pre-treatment 2) Calcium hydroxide pre-treatment followed by the primary treatment 3) Limestone pre-treatment followed by the primary treatment

slide-34
SLIDE 34

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

34 34

Tyrone ne Mine Tre reatabi tability lity St Study dy – SRBR

Metal loading and removal rates for each SRBR at optimal flow rates for each treatment strategy.

1) Primary treatment SRBR without pre-treatment 2) Calcium hydroxide pre-treatment followed by the primary treatment 3) Limestone pre-treatment followed by the primary treatment Flow Rate (L/d) HRT (d) Metal Removal Rate (MeRR, mmol metal/Kg∙d) Sulfate Removal Rate (SRR, mmol SO4

2-/Kg∙d)

All metals All metals except Mn All metals except Mn, Al, Fe SRBR-11 2 80 0.99 0.91 0.33 1.87 SRBR-21 2 80 1.02 0.99 0.36 1.95 SRBR-32 9 16 0.86 0.57 0.50 1.55 SRBR-42 9 17 0.85 0.58 0.51 1.65 SRBR-53 6 24 0.59 0.49 0.37 1.03 SRBR-63 6 26 0.51 0.51 0.39 1.11

slide-35
SLIDE 35

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

35 35

Tyrone ne Mine Tre reatabi tability lity St Study dy – Constru ruct cted d Wet etland nd

Boxplots summarizing dissolved Mn concentrations in effluent at each stage of the treatment system (excluding pre-treatment)

slide-36
SLIDE 36

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

36 36

Tyrone ne Mine Tre reatabi tability lity St Study dy – Constru ruct cted d Wet etland nd

Wetland Pair 1 & 2 96% 0.62 0.010 3 & 4 70% 0.63 0.008 5 & 6 69% 0.91 0.008 11 & 12 59% 1.23 0.006 Median: 69% 0.63 0.008

Summary statistics for treatment efficiency, area-adjusted removal, and first-order removal rate of dissolved Mn among constructed wetland pairs.

slide-37
SLIDE 37

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

  • Activ

ive e chemical cal treatme ment nt is more efficie ient nt than passive ive limestone ne tre reatme ment nt considerin ring g chemical cal costs and maint ntenanc nance. . But re requires res active ive system and adds to sludge disposal sal generatio ion n and costs.

  • Direct

t MIW treatme ment nt is technic icall ally y feasible, e, however, , an amorpho hous us sludge e forms on top layer of SRBR that may decrease efficie iency. ncy.

  • Pre

Pre-tre treatment atment can re reduce SRBR size ze by a factor r of 4

  • High

h TDS MIW is treatab able but treatme ment nt objectives ves critic ical al 550 mg Mn/L, 980 mg Cu/L, , and 380 mg Zn/L with h 160 mg Fe/L and 940 mg Al/L

  • Metal re

removal ra rates for r Cu and Zn were re calculated ated to be 0.14 - 0.21 mol/m /m3-d d or 0.33 - 0.51 mol/ton-d

  • Constru

ructe cted d wetland d augment nts SRBR to effectivel ively y remove Mn, treat BOD OD, and remove partic iculate ulate precipitates pitates following ng SRBR.

37 37

Tyrone ne Mine Tre reatabi tability lity St Study dy - Obs bservati ations ns

slide-38
SLIDE 38

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

38 38

  • Glory

ry hole e remediate mediated d to shed d clean n water r and limit infiltr trati tion

  • n into

mine ne working rkings s

  • Biologi

logica call lly-bas based ed passive ve bioreme remediation diation system tem const struc ructe ted d 2009

  • MIW seepage

age to SRBR decre reased sed from m 10 gpm in 2009 9 to <2 gpm by 2017

Select cted d Case St Studi dies – Succe cess ss Iron King, AZ, USA

  • Historical mine seep
  • Voluntary Remediation Project (VRP)
  • MIW management
slide-39
SLIDE 39

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

39 39

Iron ron King – Constructio ruction n and d 2012

Adit 2009 – MIW from a glory hole located above the adit. SRBR & APC

  • verview

MIW is collected in the adit and directed to connex then to the SRBR

slide-40
SLIDE 40

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

40 40

Iron ron King – The Magic ic Mix

Substrate composition (wt%): Wood Chips (aged) (49.5) Sawdust (10) Alfalfa Hay (10) Limestone (30) Manure (0.5)

slide-41
SLIDE 41

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

41 41

Iron ron King – Constructio ruction n and d 2012

Settling Pond

Receives water from SRBR, allows settling of particulates and directs effluent to the APC

Aerobic Polishing Cell (APC)

slide-42
SLIDE 42

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

42 42

  • Tar

arge get an anal alytes es Zn Zn an and C d Cd

  • Des

esig ign flow rate e = 7 gp gpm based ed on

5,000 000 mg/L L Sul ulfate, te, 130 mg/L L Cu, u, 0.4 mg/L L Cd, 150 mg/L L Zn

  • Current

ent ope peratin ing g flow rate e ~ 1.8 gp gpm wit ith

1,500 500 mg/L L Sul ulfate, te, 4.2 mg/L L Cu, u, 0.06 6 mg/L L Cd, 17 mg/L L Zn

  • Current

ent SRBR Efflue luent t Concen entra trati tions

  • ns

<500 0 mg/L L Sul ulfate, te, <0.01 1 mg/L L Cu, u, <0.03 03 mg/L L Cd, <0.01 1 mg/L L Zn

  • Ze

Zero di discharge ge from m APC Iron ron King – Design n and d Ope pera rational ional Par Parame meters

slide-43
SLIDE 43

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

43 43

Iron ron King – Succe cessf ssful ul Impl plementation tation – Tot

  • tal Cd
slide-44
SLIDE 44

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

44 44

Iron ron King – Succe cessf ssful ul Impl plementation tation – Tot

  • tal Zn
slide-45
SLIDE 45

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

45 45

  • Source

urce cont ntrol rol key to long ngev evity ity of bi bioremediation emediation system tem

  • No pre-treatmen

treatment t required ired for flow rate and water r chemistry istry

  • Removal
  • val efficien

ency y 99.3% for dissolv solved ed Fe, Al, Zn, Cu, and Cd

  • Dissolv

ssolved ed Ni, Se, As, and Be all less than the laborat ratory

  • ry detection

ction

  • SRBR

BR SRR = 0.27 mol/t /ton

  • n-d;

d; 0.12 mol/m /m3-d

  • SRBR

BR MeRR = 0.10 mol/ton /ton-d; d; up to 0.05 mol/m /m3-d

  • Sett

ttlin ing g pond remov

  • ves

es suspen ended ed parti ticulates ulates leaving ng the SRBR R prior

  • r to distribution

tribution throug ugh APC

  • APC

C provides des final polishing shing of water er qualit ity and transpirat nspiration

  • 7.6 million

lion gallons

  • ns of seepage

ge treat ated ed

  • Treatmen

atment t system tem created ted a z zero-dis discharge harge facility ity

Iron ron King – Ac Achieved ved VRP Obj bjectiv ives s and d Proj roject ct Goals

slide-46
SLIDE 46

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

46 46

  • Collabo

bora rati tion

  • n and p

d plannin ing k key to succe cess. s.

  • Abil

ilit ity y to treat a w wid ide r range of MIW flows and c d chemis istry try.

  • Lab and p

d pil ilot-sc scale le testin ing im importa tant. t.

  • Optim

imum um sulfate remova val rate and m d metal removal l rates may be hig igher than publis ished d rates – value of bench and d pi pilot-sca scale e testin ing. g.

  • Water qualit

ity y obje ject ctiv ives es for any giv iven pr proje ject ct dr driv ives the siz ize of the treatme ment t system. m.

  • Bio

iologic gicall lly-ba based ed passiv ive bio ioremedi ediati tion

  • n systems

ms are an effecti tive ve treatme ment t system m for MIW, especia ially y for lower r flow applic ication ions. Biologically gically-Bas Based d Pas Passiv ive Biore remedi diation ation System Obs bservatio ations ns

slide-47
SLIDE 47

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

47 47

  • Data Req

equir irem ements ents

  • Flow

w Rates s (variabilit iability, y, seasonal)

  • nal)
  • Water

er Chemistr istry (sulfate lfate & metal l loading; ing; anions) s)

  • Site

te Attribu ributes tes (topography pography, , available able area, , etc.)

  • Substrate

strate / Plant t availability ability

  • Disch

charge arge Requirements irements

  • Finan

ancial cial and Infrastru structure cture Const straint ints

  • Init

itia ial Des esig ign Crit iter eria ia Calculation ations

  • Sul

ulfate fate Loading ng/Remov Removal al Rates es

  • Metal

al Loading ng/R /Rem emov

  • val

al Rates

  • Oxygen

gen Loading ng Rate (low w metal l loadings) ings)

Biologic gically ally-Base ased d Pa Passiv ive Biore remedi diatio ation n System Design gn Cri riteria ria

slide-48
SLIDE 48

D R I V E N B Y V A L U E D R I V E N B Y V A L U E

48 48

Fi Final l Questions ions and d Answer wers Webi binar r Wra rap-up up